The King of England joins the fight: The battle reaches fever pitch at the British Industries Fair at White City, Shepherd's Bush, London, in mid February 1926, when Bill Mawle (with moustache, centre) moves in on King George V (third top hat from left) and Queen Mary (third from right) to complain about the British Government's Stationery Office buying American-made typewriters in preference to British machines. The king declares it a "scandal", and suddenly 2700 American-made typewriters disappear from British Government offices, to be replaced by British machines made in Leicester, West Bromwich and Nottingham. By the end of the month, Leicester and Nottingham were expanding sales staffs to meet the new demand.
THE BACKGROUND TO WAR
To make ends meet, British typewriter manufacturers knew they had to rely heavily on the British Government buying British-made typewriters, primarily for use in the civil service. The trouble was, the civil service had understandably developed a preference for American-made typewriters, notably Remingtons, Underwoods and Royals. To put it quite bluntly, these were superior typewriters.
The export value of American typewriters rose from $11 million in 1913 to $36 million in 1920 - of which Britain in the immediate post-war period took almost two-thirds.
Britain had never really been in the same league as the US in the production and exportation of typewriters. But the war seriously exacerbated the situation. In the three years between 1917-1919, Britain had had to import 93,093 typewriters (as Britain was at war with what had previously been one of its major trading partners, Germany, almost all of these came from the US) while it exported a mere 7411.
This crisis for the British typewriter industry deepened in the economic aftermath of the war. The degree to which Britain felt beholden to the US for decisively intervening in the war remains debatable. What is certain is that by 1921 a cardinal principle of British foreign policy was to “cultivate the closest relations with the United States”. This was in the face of growing public ill-feeling on both sides of the Atlantic, caused in large part, at least in the US, by Britain's massive war debt to America.
In 1923 Britain renegotiated its ₤978 million war debt to the US Treasury by promising regular payments of ₤34 million for 10 years then ₤40 million for 52 years. The idea was for the US to loan money to Germany, which in turn paid reparations to Britain, which in turn paid off its loans from the US.
Britain abandoned free trade for duties (as high as 15 per cent on typewriters*) and a policy of "imperial preferences". (*In Australia, the rate remained at 10 per cent, but was free for "preferentials" - that is, other countries in the "British Empire", such as Britain and Canada. Not surprisingly, there were no duties on imported typewriters in the US.)
While the British economy and the pound sterling were seriously on the slide, the US economy was booming on the back of mass production techniques and growing efficiency, and the dollar had become increasingly attractive. Britain was tied to the gold standard and its economy experienced deflation and stagnant growth. In 1925, British Chancellor the Exchequer Winston Churchill returned the British pound to its pre-war level of $US4.85. This meant British exports were overvalued, and monetary policy had to be kept tighter than necessary. British industries struggled to make the same productivity gains as the US. Traditional British industries faced global oversupply. Wholesale prices fell by 25 per cent between 1921 and 1929, but were not matched by falling wages. Deflation discouraged consumer spending and increased the burden of debt.
Despite the weakness of the pound, it was necessary to pursue deflationary fiscal and monetary policy. Because US inflation was low, this meant Britain was effectively aiming for deflation. The attempt to keep the pound in an overvalued fixed exchange rate was a key factor in contributing to deflation and lower economic growth.
The upshot of all this was that in spite of the importation costs and 15 per cent tariffs, US-made typewriters were far better value - they were still competitively priced and were markedly higher quality machines.
BRITISH TYPEWRITERS IN THE 1920s
In April 1926, two months after war began, a British newspaper reported that "It is common knowledge that British-made typewriters are in very few commercial offices in this country". "It is, in truth, little wonder that English business houses did not install British typewriters, for hardly anyone has ever heard of their existence ... one could have asked almost any businessman or his typists what the names of the British makes of typewriters were, and he would not have been able to give the information. If the firms find that they have no home market for their machines, they have only themselves to blame."
Imperial was still making what was fundamentally the Hidalgo Moya-designed downstroke "portable" which had first appeared in 1908 (as the Model A). Upon resuming typewriter-making at the end of the war, Imperial introduced a straight keyboard Model D, yet this didn't go into full production until 1921. A smaller, lighter version appeared in 1923, by which time downstroke typewriters were very much outmoded (the Oliver remaining an exception which didn't prove any rule). In 1926, the year the "typewriter war of dependence" broke out, Imperial decided head design engineer Arthur Bott Pateman should begin work on a conventional standard (the Model 50). This emerged in 1927, and was Britain's first (and only) real competitor for the US-made Remingtons, Underwoods and Royals. It had, however, an awful lot of ground to make up, even in Britain.
Between 1923-29 the Rimingtons' British Typewriters and Empire Typewriter companies (the latter a separate trade mark taken out in 1920) were having British Blicks (Blick-Bars), British and British Empire typewriters made by George Salter & Co in West Bromwich, and the Empire and Blick Universal by Adler in Germany. The Salter-made machines were structurally weak, possibly from the use of inferior material to lower prices, a problem which prevented them from being competitive. Until 1923, the Salters themselves had continued to make a "Salter Visible" standard with an inclined typebasket. It wasn't a success, either.
After building a typewriter-specific factory in Nottingham in 1919 to make Herbert Etheridge-designed "all-British" frontstroke Bar-Locks, the Richardsons saw the writing on the wall in 1925 and sold the plant to the Jardines, who continued bringing out Bar-Locks. These, like the Rimington and Salter typewriters, were simply not good enough to compete with the American machines. The Richardsons, meanwhile, took over the American Oliver brand. Viscount Henry Lascelles, son-in-law of King George V, failed miserably to get his ₤500,000 "all-British"Conqueror project off the ground in Leeds, and the factory was sold in August 1922.
THE WAR
The war broke out in early February 1926 and Norman William Reginald"Bill"Mawle, a World War I flying ace, was front and centre of it throughout. It started with Britain's Financial Secretary to the Treasury, MP Ronald McNeill, answering a question in the House of Commons on behalf of Stanley Baldwin's Conservative Government. McNeill said "British workmanship had not yet produced such good value in typewriters and labour saving machines as America. The typewriting machines used are still of American make, but whenever they could use a British machine which was at all equal in efficiency to the foreign one the Stationery Office would give preference to the British article."
At the time McNeill's comments were published in the British Press, Mawle had been general sales manager of Imperial for almost two years. Mawle and Imperial took great umbrage and rallied the Salter company to the cause. A letter was written to McNeill, Salter stating that "we are manufacturing typewriters at these works which are equal to any American machine made". An unsatisfactory reply came from the Treasury Chambers in Whitehall, saying McNeill understood 23 British Empire typewriters bought by the Stationery Office in the preceding year were made by Salter. Which was only half right, as they were made by Salter for the Rimingtons.
Mawle was determined not to let the matter rest, and again took up the cudgels. He wrote to Salter director Charles Sidney Bache on an Imperial letterhead. Mawle said American typewriter makers had been advertising machines as either "Built in Britain" or "Assembled by British Labour". This Remington ruse was a few years later used in Australia as well.
Calling the claims misleading, Mawle said British typewriter makers employed hundreds of workers in 11 different trades, working in more than 120,000 square feet of factory floor space, whereas "assembling" took only "a few dozen mechanics and boys" and "of course the profits pass out of the country". Mawle offered the use of an Imperial poster to Bache and the Rimingtons, as well as the Jardines. The poster read, "See that yours is made of British material by British labour and backed by British capital". Bache, as its secretary, accepted the offer on behalf of the British Typewriter Manufacturers' Association.
These posters were used at the British Industries Fair at the White City in Shepherd's Bush, London (where, ironically, American typewriters were in official use). This is where Mawle made his decisive move on King George V:
AUSTRALIA JOINS IN
Between 1930-34, Australians, such unthinking loyalists, were told to join the fight. The full text of this item, written by Mawle and which appeared in the Adelaide Advertiser on May 24, 1930, reads:TYPEWRITER PREFERENCE!
BRITISH OR FOREIGN MACHINES?
In view of the protest lodged by our competitors against acceptance of the "Imperial" British Typewriter tender, we set out the following facts which will help you to appreciate the difficulties which distributors of British machines have to overcome. The following extracts are taken from a publication of the Imperial Typewriter Company Limited, Leicester, England.Are the typewriters used in your office British made?
This question has been asked by patriotic businessmen since the visit of the King [George V] to the British Industries Fair of 1926. His Majesty's pertinent question and outspoken comments on the matter aroused their interest. They made enquiries and found that foreign-made typewriters were being used despite the fact that equally and even more efficient British-made machines were available. Their surprise at this discovery led to further enquiries. "Why," they asked, "should it be necessary to purchase a foreign typewriter? Surely British engineering and mechanical skill, combined with British inventive genius, could provide all that is wanted." One result of these enquiries has been an overwhelming demand for the products of the IMPERIAL TYPEWRITER COMPANY, of LEICESTER.
WAR! IMPERIAL TYPEWRITER PRODUCTION CEASES
MUNITIONS MADE INSTEAD
With the declaration of war in 1914, the Government was quick to realise the value of the adaptable machinery used by manufacturers of such intricate mechanism as typewriters. The "Imperial" factory was quickly adapted to meet the Government's requirements for material for War Service.
WE WERE NEEDED NATIONALLY AND WE WILLINGLY GAVE THE SERVICE REQUIRED.
BRITISH MARKET CAPTURED.
At the close of the war, we resumed business as manufacturers of typewriters. We soon realised, however, the grave difficulties we had to face. For a number of years our American competitors had the monopoly of all our markets and had taken full advantage of the opportunity. Not only this. They had been enabled to build up a wonderful selling organisation. They had obtained control of a number of schools where the typists were educated to the use of their machines. They had installed their typewriters THROUGHOUT THE LARGEST INDUSTRIAL ORGANISATIONS. Thus, BOTH AS LEARNERS AND AS OPERATORS, TYPISTS WERE ACCUSTOMED TO THE USE OF FOREIGN MACHINES. The name "IMPERIAL", so well known before the war through our consistent advertising and well-organised service, had been forgotten.
The American maker had not only exploited the British market by means of high prices, but had also thoroughly "dug himself in" on the very ground we had cultivated so carefully in the past.
Extraordinary impetus was given to the progress by the gracious interest to the matter shown by the King. That interest was, of course, manifested in the industry as a whole, and had no reference to any particular British make. What His Majesty wanted to know was why foreign-made machines were being used in British Government and other offices. He could not believe, and rightly, too, that British makers were unable to supply "the goods" given the opportunity.
THE KING WAS PERFECTLY RIGHT.
The demand which arose as the result of his comments reassured the industry. The directors of the Imperial Typewriter Company were so impressed with the opening thus offered that tens of thousands of pounds have been spent in producing an entirely new model - a machine which is the very latest advance in typewriter design, and which is likely to revolutionise the whole idea of typewriter construction. [This paragraph refers to Pateman's Model 50.]
WHY YOU SHOULD BUY A BRITISH TYPEWRITER?
Experience has shown that British constructors are, broadly speaking, ahead of foreign firms both in actual design and methods of construction. The British are seldom equalled, and certainly never surpassed in engineering - and the producing of a typewriter is, after all, an engineering accomplishment.
Therefore, the first and foremost reason "why you should buy a British typewriter" is: Because the "IMPERIAL" is better—BETTER IN WORKMANSHIP. BETTER IN DESIGN, BETTER IN SERVICE. This can easily be proved by comparing the "IMPERIAL" with any foreign-made machine.
Every "IMPERIAL" purchased provides the equivalent of a month's work for a British workman, for to produce a typewriter workers from 19 different trades are employed. We are registered on the KING'S ROLL, AND 100 PER CENT OF OUR SALESMEN ARE EX-SERVICEMEN.
Competition we believe to be the LIFE OF TRADE—that is to say, FAIR COMPETITION. Some of our competitors, realising the demand for British-made typewriters, have immediately advertised their products as being "BUILT IN BRITAIN."
See that your machine is not only "Built in Britain." but MADE by BRITISH LABOUR of BRITISH MATERIAL and backed by BRITISH CAPITAL.
The IMPERIAL Factory is BY FAR THE LARGEST TYPEWRITER FACTORY IN THE BRITISH EMPIRE WITH A PLANT SECOND TO NONE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF TYPEWRITERS AND OF TYPEWRITER STEEL TYPE.
SHOULD ENGLAND MANUFACTURE TYPEWRITERS?
Note in the following extracts, taken from a house magazine issued by a firm handling American typewriters, the fallacious reasoning used in an attempt to justify Australians in giving preference to American machines.
"It is false economy and bad business to buy goods manufactured in our Empire, if they are not, at least, the equal in quality and price of goods manufactured elsewhere, and the popular cry "BUY BRITISH GOODS" must be logically applied, or it will inevitably react against itself."
"No one nation can manufacture everything, for its natural resources will not permit of this, and if it could confine its purchases within the limit of its own people, other nations would refuse to purchase its exportable surplus, for reciprocal trade is essential to the life of a nation. There are many kinds of goods that are the legitimate product of the British Empire, and which it is our bounden duty as Britishers, and in the best interests of ourselves to purchase in preference to foreign, but there are many classes of goods which, because they are not the natural product of the Empire, cannot thus be classified.
"Take typewriters as one example. America manufactured and marketed the first commercial machine, and thereafter manufactured and exported typewriters to such an extent that today it produces about four-fifths of the world's typewriter needs."
"To sum up the whole matter, following economic laws, the nation that is able to produce the best goods at the lowest cost is entitled to the business."
Many of the leading firms in Adelaide will testify to the superiority of the Imperial over foreign-made typewriters.
In addition to supplying "IMPERIALS" to the British Government, Australasian distributors in other States and New Zealand hold contracts for the supply of "IMPERIALS" to the following: Commonwealth Government. New South Wales Government, New South Wales Railways, Victorian Government, Victorian Railways, New Zealand Government.
Next week is EMPIRE Week. Don't be swerved from your patriotism by foreign interests. SEE THE "IMPERIAL" DEMONSTRATED and then your better judgment and appreciation of a better article will prompt you to buy an "IMPERIAL".
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