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The Coober Pedy Opal Gouger From Renaissance City, Michigan

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It has taken me a year or more to publish this image, which I stumbled across in the National Library of Australia archives. I had often been sorely tempted to use it, given it's a rare shot of someone operating a Traeger Morse typewriter in an underground chamber carved from rock on the opal fields of Coober Pedy in South Australia. (To find out more about the Traeger typewriter, see my blog post here.) What stopped me was a determination to positively identify the operator.
The Traeger typewriter I uncovered in Museum Victoria's ScienceWorks at Port Melbourne some years ago.
Two things I knew for sure: a) the photograph was taken at the Australian Inland Mission Wireless Transmission Installation, which was put into the Post Office at Coober Pedy in about August 1935; and b) the operator was almost certainly not an Australian. I surmised that he was either an African American or a West Indian who had perhaps come here from Britain. Either way, I assumed it would be easy to find the name of a non-white, non-Australian working on the opal fields. How wrong I was!
E.O.Hoppé's famous image of the Coober Pedy post office, taken in the early 1930s. I am now wondering whether that is my mystery man standing in the doorway!
My earliest attempts to track down this gentleman were entirely fruitless, and for the time being I gave up the search. But eventually things started to fit into place. Some weeks ago I was contacted by an Adelaide researcher, Stuart Wattison, who was coming to Canberra for a stamp collectors' convention. He wanted to talk to me about Minnie Berrington, a blue blood English typist who became an opal gouger in South Australia in the late 1920s and about whom I had posted almost two years ago. One of the things Stuart was able to tell me was that in her later life, living in Adelaide, Minnie had returned to her first profession as a typist. While he was here, I gave Stuart a copy of the image of the Traeger typewriter in use, hoping he might be able to offer some clue as to who was using it. On his return home, Stuart got in touch with Coober Pedy historian Sue Britt, who immediately identified our man as one Alfred Simmond, known on the opal fields as "Black Alf".
Finally having a name should have meant everything. But the only reference I could find to Alf Simmond in the National Library's newspaper archives, Trove, was a very sketchy report of his death, in mid-December 1935. It seemed to confirm my earlier thought that Alf was a West Indian, "and had been in Australia for many years. He worked on all opal fields in Australia, and made several trips to America, selling opal and precious stones, on which he was an expert." Among other places where he'd mined was the old gold rush town of Arltunga in the East MacDonnell Ranges of the Northern Territory.
Another of Hoppé's photographs shows Minnie Berrington, seated left, watching opal gougers weigh their finds at Coober Pedy. As with the post office image, I am now thinking the man bending, right, is Alf Simmond.
At the time of his death, Alf was in Tennant Creek, north of Coober Pedy, where he had been lured by the gold rush. He died of beriberi, a thiamine deficiency resulting from a lack of vitamin B1. Risk factors include a diet of mostly white rice, alcoholism and chronic diarrhoea. Because Alf was "coloured" but not an Aboriginal, he could not be admitted for treatment to the Australian Inland Mission Hostel. It fell to Dr Patrick John Reilly, the Government Medical Officer at Alice Springs and Deputy Chief Protector of Aboriginals, and his wife, Betty Irene (née Loft), a former Adelaide Hospital nurse, to care for Alf in their own home, more than 300 miles from Tennant Creek, but he was too far gone to be saved. Tennant Creek in the Northern Territory is where in 1872 the Overland Telegraph Station (below) linked Melbourne to London. Tennant Creek was the site of Australia’s last gold rush, starting in December 1932 and petering out within a decade.
Stuart Wattison was able to send me information which showed Alf had been issued with opal mining permits at Coober Pedy from at least 1919 until 1927 (the first opal find was in February 1915 and since then the town has been supplying most of the world's gem-quality opal), and Sue Britt sent me another image of Alf, apparently taken of an outback dance party "organised by the assistant post master" in about 1926:
But I continued to search for information about Alf until today, when I came across an item written by Adelaide journalist Maurice Stephen Fisher (1887–1968) under the pseudonym of "Vox" in his "Out Among the People" column in the Adelaide Chronicle in August 1935. The item, about newcomers to the Tennant Creek gold fields, confirmed the majority opinion that Alf was an African American, and not the Alfred Simmonds born at Christiansted on St Croix in the American Virgin Islands in 1870. That Alf died in Kings, New York, in October 1934, 14 months before our Alf died in Australia. Our Alf was born in Detroit, Michigan, on January 9, 1876, so was just short of his 60th birthday when he passed away.
The only other known image of the Traeger typewriter being used is this one:

'Typewriter Jim' Brosnan Pitched Other Sports Writers Out of the Ball Park

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Pensacola News-Journal, February 21, 1964
Quad City Times, February 21, 1964
Dayton, Ohio, Journal-Herald, February 21, 1964
The Elmira, New York Star-Gazette's nod to Hemingway's influence on Jim Brosnan.
Now that "The Long Season" - 2018 Major League Baseball - is underway, it's timely to recall the greatest typewriter-wielding baseballer of all-time, Cincinnati's legendary James Patrick "Jim" Brosnan. Brosnan, in his writing prime, used Royal, Olympia and Olivetti Lettera 32 portable typewriters, and in the case of at least two, the Olympia and the Olivetti, belted them till they went bust (admittedly the Olivetti fell off a shelf in early 2004). After that Big Jim refused to touch anything that buzzed and hissed at him, or tried to tell him how to construct his one sentence paragraphs. An original Apple computer gathered dust for want of a user. Jim just refused to write anymore.
Cincinnati Enquirer, May 6, 1960
Without question, this year's World Series will not be covered by sports writers with anything like the insightful style Jim Brosnan brought to LIFE during the 1960 world championship (see below). And in a way the like of Brosnan and Ireland's soccer pundit Eamon Dunphy might be blamed for that. The sad demise of print newspaper sports writing can, to a very large degree, be put down to the misconception of media proprietors that the weak-kneed musings (more often than not ghostwritten) of players and former players is more attractive to readers than those of actual sports writers. These misguided proprietors no doubt failed to grasp that Brosnan was an exception who offered absolutely no rule.
Jim Brosnan was born in the Fountain City on October 24, 1929, and grew up first at 1326 Manss Avenue at West Price Hill and later at 3420 Millrich Avenue, Westwood. His father, John Patrick Brosnan (1894-1970), rose from lathe operator to accountant and later inspector for the Cincinnati Milling Machine Company and his grandfather, Maurice Brosnan (1865-1927), at one time a Cincinnati policeman on the "Sausage Row" and "Rat Row" beats, came from Tralee in County Kerry, Ireland.
Jim Brosnan attended Elder High School in West Price Hill and developed his own writing skills by reading Joseph Altsheler’s early 1900s novels, James Thurberthe war books of Ernest Hemingway, Irwin Shaw, James Jones and Norman Mailer (like all good sports writers, he preferred one sentence paragraphs) and Ogden Nash poetry. He was fond of Mark Twain, too, and of finding new words by doing crossword puzzles. The 6ft 4in Brosnan went on to graduate from the Cincinnati American Legion team to play 385 MLB games from 1954-63 (interrupted by army training at Fort Meade, Maryland, in 1955), mostly as a right-handed relief pitcher for the Chicago Cubs, St Louis Cardinals, Cincinnati Reds and Chicago White Sox. On February 20, 1964, the White Sox released Brosnan because he refused to give up his writing career. He was literally told to "take your typewriter and go". Newspapers across the US splash headlined the story (see above) in their own amused ways, but what they didn't report was that when Chicago general manager Ed Short said, "You can't use your typewriter here either, period", Brosnan promptly replied with the old Anglo-Saxon sent-off, the four-letter one starting with 'F'.
Dayton, Ohio, Journal-Herald, February 21, 1964.
This AP story appeared right across the US on the same day.
In his playing days, the bespectacled, pipe-smoking Brosnan, an avid book reader, was dismissively nicknamed "The Professor" and called a "Kooky Beatnik". At the very peak of his baseball career, with the Cincinnati Reds in 1960, Brosnan embarked on a brilliant writing career with the publication of his first book The Long Season, rated by Sports Illustrated as the 19th best sports book of all time. It included a passage Brosnan later recalled as coming from one of his best writing days ever, one which finished at 5am. The passage read, "To get to [Cincinnati’s] Crosley Field, I usually take a bus through the old, crumbling streets of the Bottoms. Blacks stand on the corners watching their homes fall down. The insecurity of being in the second division of the National League - in the cellar - leaves me. For 25 cents, the bus ride gives me enough humility to get me through any baseball game, or season.” Under the headline “No Comic Books for Brosnan", John Corry reviewed the work for The New York Times, writing, “Traditionally there are two kinds of baseball players - tobacco-chewing, monosyllabic hard rocks and freshly laundered heroes too young to appear in razor-blade commercials. Jim Brosnan, a pitcher for the Cincinnati Reds, is in a third class. He wrote a book about the other two kinds.” Brosnan was later that year controversially commissioned by LIFE magazine (along with Ted Williams) to cover the World Series, when the Pittsburgh Pirates upset the much more fancied New York Yankees to take their first world title since 1925. 
The quality of Brosnan's coverage was underlined by this letter to the editor of LIFE, published in the issue of October 30, 1960:
Here is the article in question:
Oddly enough, the pitcher married a Pitcher, Anne Stewart Pitcher (1925-2013). The couple lived in the same house in Morton Grove, a suburb of Chicago, for 58 years. Brosnan died on June 28, 2014, aged 84, while in hospice in Park Ridge, Illinois. At the time he was recovering from a stroke when sepsis set in.

An Electric Sholes & Glidden? Puzzle with an Unmistakeable Typewriter

Secret Love Lives on in Canberra Suburbs, Even Long After Death

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Australian poet Judith Wright at her Hermes 3000 typewriter
It's more than 10 years now since the Australian Capital Territory's Place Names Committee announced that among the new suburbs to be built in the Molonglo Valley outside Canberra would be planned adjoining developments called Wright, after the Nobel Prize-nominated Australian poet Judith Wright, and Coombs, after "Nugget" Combs, an economist who had been Director-General of Post-War Reconstruction, Chancellor of the Australian National University and the first Governor of the Reserve Bank of Australia. All well and good, given this pair had been two of Australia's most well-known and well-loved public figures. But there was far more to the Place Names Committee's decision than met the eye. Indeed, it provided an extremely rare glimpse of bureaucratic romanticism. Someone on the committee was "in the know".
Wright had passed away in Canberra, aged 85, on June 25, 2000, 7½ years before the suburb naming honour was bestowed upon her, on January 2, 2008. Coombs had died and been given a state funeral almost 2½ years earlier, on October 29, 1997. But it wasn't just because they were both long out of the local limelight that the significance and poignancy of this naming decision was lost on almost all Canberrans. Even today, many people - even among those now living in the growing suburbs of Wright and Combs - would be unaware that for a quarter of a century, Wright and Coombs were secret lovers. Yet, as Wright once wrote to a friend in England, confessing to the affair without naming names, "Love is love, no matter what the problems, and always joyful even in the pain."
Coombs and Wright picnic in the bush.
In revealing the affair in her article "In the Garden" in the The Monthly in June 2009, Fiona Capp pointed out that although Wright had helped care for Coombs in the two years before his death, following a series of strokes, she was unable to attend Coombs's funeral because their relationship had never been made public. "Coombs and his wife, Mary, were separated, but his loyalty to Mary and to his children meant that he never contemplated a divorce. Wright was even more determined to keep the affair a secret. She'd been in a similar position with her late husband, the philosopher Jack McKinney, when they first met and she still carried guilt about the pain she felt she'd caused his family. One of the most remarkable things about this relationship [between Wright and Coombs] is the silence that has continued to surround it ... It is a measure of the respect in which they are held that their desire for privacy, even after death, has been observed."
Judith Arundell Wright was born in Armidale, New South Wales, on May 31,1915, and spent most of her formative years in Brisbane and Sydney. She attended New England Girls' School and studied Philosophy, English, Psychology and History at the University of Sydney. For the last three decades of her life, she lived near the New South Wales town of Braidwood, so she could be closer to Coombs, who was based in Canberra. She spent her last few years living in a small bedsit in Canberra. Herbert Cole Coombs was born in Kalamunda, Western Australia, on February 24, 1906.
A page from one of Judith Wright's typescripts, seen in the National Library
of Australia's 50th anniversary exhibition.
Wright was nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1967, coming up against a daunting field of 69 other contenders, including W.H. Auden, Samuel Beckett, Saul Bellow, Lawrence Durrell, E.M. Forster, Robert Graves, Graham Greene, Katherine Anne Porter, Ezra Pound, Georges Simenon, J.R.R. Tolkien, Robert Penn Warren, Thornton Wilder and Edmund Wilson. Only eight on the formidable nomination list ever won the prize, and with Wright, those who failed to win included Auden, Durrell, Forster, Graves, Greene, Porter, Pound, Simenon, Tolkien, Warren, Wilder and Wilson. (See the full list below, as well as a list of all winners from 1967-2017). 
Wright also has a street named in her honour, in the suburb of Franklin, which is named for the great Australian writer Miles Franklin (typewriter left). Indeed, Canberra has a habit of saluting writers and
journalists with the names of its suburbs and streets. The streets of McKellar are named for journalists, including Charles Bean (typewriter above right), Kenneth Slessor (typing left), Hugh Buggy, the cricket writer who used a Remington portable to coin the phrase "Bodyline", and Sir Frederick Lloyd DumasThe streets in Garran are named after Australian writers, and the suburb of Richardson is named for Henry Handel Richardson (real name Ethel Florence Lindesay Richardson, typewriter below right). 
The suburb of Fraser is named after the political correspondent and later politician James Reay Fraser, who used an early Remington portable. The suburb called Taylor is named after magazine publisher and journalist Florence Taylor. I live in Hughes, which is named for former Prime Minister Billy Hughes, who used a Corona 3 folding portable (and banned the import version of the Erika folding, the Bijou). Lawson is named for the great writer Henry Lawson and Gordon for the poet Adam Gordon Lindsay
The suburb of Gilmore is named for author and journalist Mary Gilmore (typewriter left). As well, the 
Australian Electoral Commission has just announced that a proposed new Federal electorate for the ACT will be named in honour of war correspondent and official war historian Charles Bean, seen below (the electorate will cover the Molonglo Valley district, including Wright and Coombs).
 Alejo Carpentier
 Alberto Moravia 
 Anna Seghers 
 Carlos Drummond de Andrade 
 Eugenio Montale 
 Friedrich Georg Jünger 
 Georges Simenon 
Katherine Anne Porter
Ezra Pound
Lawrence Durrell
Eugène Ionesco 
 Miguel Ángel Asturias
 Konstantin Paustovskij 
 Ernst Jünger 
Robert Penn Warren
 Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn 
 Bob Dylan
 Doris Lessing
 Derek Walcott
 Günter Grass 
Gabriel García Márquez 
 Heinrich Böll 
 Isaac Bashevis Singer 
 Jorge Amado 
 Väinö Linna 
 Pietro Ubaldi 
 Saul Bellow
Simon Vestdijk 
Mario Vargas Llosa
 Max Frisch
Nadine Gordimer 
Joseph Brodsky 

Authors With Typewriters and Writers' Environments

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I was mindful of increasing the workload for Richard Polt when I posted on Nobel Prize in Literature winners and nominees with their typewriters the other day. And sure enough, Richard, tongue firmly in cheek, duly responded.
Meanwhile, Tony Mindling commented on his love of seeing the writers in their environments. Between them, Richard and Tony have inspired me to return briefly to the subject. For a writer's environment, my own favourite is this image of Robert Penn Warren at work:
Some years ago Richard and I wondered whether Tennessee Williams was the writer most often photographed at his (various) typewriters. Now I think the honour should go to Georges Simenon:
And what is this odd looking typewriter Renée Faure is using in the 1960 film le President, based on a Simenon novel?
Finally, these images of Katherine Anne Porter remind me of how different and more pleasant it is to sit down at a gleaming manual portable, as opposed to a Selectric or indeed a computer:

Bob Dylan Gives his Imperial 65 Typewriter a Big Hug as the Day of the Wedge Dawns

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Staying on the subject of Nobel Prize in Literature winners and nominees for the time being, I offhandedly asked Harriet the other day, "Who was the last Nobel Prize Laureate to use a typewriter?" I expected and got the answer "Bob Dylan"*. Yes Dylan, the 2016 prize winner, is known to have used a range of typewriters, from a Royal Caravan to an Olympia SG1, an Olivetti Lexikon 80 and Olivetti Lettera 22 and 32 portables. To my surprise, I found Dylan was also seen in Britain in the mid-60s showing inordinate affection for an Imperial 65. (As great a typewriter as the Imperial 65 is, I must confess I've never felt a compulsion to hug one!)
Kazuo Ishiguro at the Nobel Prize presentation dinner in Stockholm.
Strictly speaking, however, we were both wrong, as I subsequently discovered last year's Nobel Prize winning author Kazuo Ishiguro used a Brother AX-10 electronic typewriter to write his 1989 Man Booker Prize-winning novel The Remains of the Day, as well as the telescript The Gourmet and "the bulk of"The Unconsoled.
Ishiguro bought the "wedge" typewriter at the Ryman Stationery store near Covent Garden in London in 1987 (centre, above). The machine was made at Wrexham in North Wales.

Ishiguro was born in Nagasaki on November 8, 1954; his family moved to England in 1960. His 2005 novel Never Let Me Go was named by Time as the best novel of 2005 and included in its list of the 100 best English-language novels from 1923 to 2005. In naming him last year's Nobel Prize Laureate, the Swedish Academy described Ishiguro as a writer "who, in novels of great emotional force, has uncovered the abyss beneath our illusory sense of connection with the world".
Ishiguro has a further "typewriter connection", though tenuous. His father, Shizuo Ishiguro, a physical oceanographer, moved the family to Guildford in Surrey after being invited to research at the National Institute of Oceanography. In 1984 he patented what has been called a kind of "Braille typewriter" - in fact it is "an electronic apparatus for aiding the blind to read ordinary printed letters" (see below).
Kazuo Ishiguro's use of an electronic typewriter may well be seen to signal that time Ted Munk has been warning us about for some years - that what I call "wedges" will "have their day". They might not yet have the same appeal as manual typewriters, but perhaps as the remaining stock of old manuals continues to be exhausted and prices for them keep on skyrocketing, it is not all that far away.
Then again, if some part of the on-going appeal of manual typewriters lies in their use by Nobel Prize-winning authors, our critical question - "Who was the last Nobel Prize Laureate to use a typewriter?"- could well get a new answer.
Late last month The New York Times boldly asked, in a banner headline, "Is the Next Nobel Laureate in Literature Tending Bar in a Dusty Australian Town? With the publication of two new books, Gerald Murnane might finally find an American audience." The article, by Mark Binelli, was about Goroke-based writer Murnane, who still uses a Remington Monarch portable typewriter, as well as other manual models (yes, he is on Richard Polt's list of Writers and Their Typewriters). Goroke is a tiny town in the Wimmera region of western Victoria (population of 623), close to the South Australian border. It takes its name from the Aboriginal term for the Australian magpie.
Binelli quoted Murnane as saying, "In 1979 I taught myself to type using the index finger of my right hand alone. Since then, I have composed all my fiction and other writing using the finger just mentioned and one or another of my three manual typewriters." Binelli went on, "A strong case could be made for Murnane, who recently turned 79 [on February 25], as the greatest living English-language writer most people have never heard of. Even in his home country, he remains a cult figure; in 1999, when he won the Patrick White Award for under-recognised Australian writers, all his books were out of print. Yet his work has been praised by J.M. Coetzee and Shirley Hazzard, as well as young American writers like Ben Lerner and Joshua Cohen. Teju Cole has described Murnane as 'a genius' and a 'worthy heir to Beckett'. Last year, Ladbrokes placed his odds at winning the Nobel Prize for Literature at 50 to 1 — better than Cormac McCarthy, Salman Rushdie and Elena Ferrante."
If Ladbrokes are on the money, as they most often are, the last Nobel Prize Laureate using a manual typewriter might well be Murnane. He's hardly likely, it seems, to switch to anything electronic or computerised at this late stage of his life. 
*Before Dylan, perhaps, Doris Lessing. But who was the first Nobel Prize-winning writer to use a typewriter, I wonder? Maurice Maeterlinck (1911)? Gerhart Hauptmann (1912)? Romain Rolland (1915)? Or George Bernard Shaw (1925)?
Maeterlinck
Hauptmann
Rolland with Mahatma Gandhi - whose typewriter is it?
George Bernard Shaw

Death of a Gentleman and a Scholar

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JOHN NEVILLE TURNER(1936-2018)
Jazz pianist, linguist, sports historian, cricket and football lover, Supreme Court barrister, professor of law, expert on family law and advocate for the legal rights of children.

Sometimes – though, sadly, all too infrequently - one meets someone who, regardless of the brevity of that meeting, leaves an everlasting and very special impression. One such person in my life was John Neville Turner, unquestionably one of the finest characters I am ever likely to encounter. J. Neville passed away on Thursday morning, close to his 82nd birthday, having suffered from vascular dementia for the past 3½ years. He was often referred to by friends as a “Modern Renaissance Man”, a salute to his wide range of interests and expertise, from jazz pianist to sports historian, prolific author, professor of law at Monash University for almost 30 years, expert on family law and an advocate for the legal rights of children. Neville was a solicitor in the Supreme Court of Judicature in England before coming to Australia in the late 1960s. Here he became a barrister in the Supreme Court of Victoria, a lecturer in law at the University of Adelaide for five years, and taught law at universities in Michigan and Nebraska. He spoke five languages, as well as being versed in classical Latin and Greek.
Unsurprisingly, given he was born in Bury in Lancashire, and gained his law degree with honours at Manchester University, his greatest sporting passions were cricket and football. The former is a game of which he was a connoisseur in the absolute literal sense of the word. Anyone who not just tolerates but continues to embrace cricket for as long - and with such intense and unabiding affection - as Neville did, surely needs to be a true connoisseur. Neville was moreover a purist and a traditionalist who found “noise pollution” at cricket matches to be “heinous”. Cricket, Neville felt, should be “a refuge from the vulgarity of the traffic and commerce of early 21st Century freneticism.” Many modern, revamped cricket stadiums were “anti-historical, superfluous, grandiose, grandiloquent, [a] folly which only a modern-day Nero would build” (how he would have hated the loss of the WACA Ground in Perth). In 1993, Neville described one-day cricket, the version shaped to appeal largely to the hoi polloi, the great unwashed, as “a facile perversion of a great art-form” which attracted hooligans, drunks and misfits. “On the other hand, the first-class, extended match offers an authority and beauty that no other game in the world can match.” These were comments which would quickly separate the men from the boys when it comes to genuine cricket love. Neville, indeed, could view cricket as an extension of both art and war. He once presented a paper describing players from the great rivalry between Lancashire and Yorkshire in terms of characters from Shakespeare's War of the Roses plays. Neville attended cricket Tests at 44 grounds around the world and all football World Cups from 1986 to 2010.
In July 1989, Neville presented a paper to an Australian Society of Sports Historians conference asking “Is Sport an Art Form?”, a proposition which was dismissed by one pretentious columnist as tantamount to suggesting “opera for the proletariat”. But the thought was more warmly received by Tony Stephens in The Sydney Morning Herald, who quoted Neville as saying, “Sport is one of the graces of life, a source of infinite joy and productive of the finest cultural values”. Neville had accepted “Tolstoy’s concept of art as the sincere sharing of an emotion that moves the person who expresses it”, and he believed the Australia Council’s mandate should be extended to cover sport as well as music, literature and ballet.
         Thereafter Neville’s name was not seen so much on the news pages; in hindsight it seems as if he’d felt stung by the chilly reception and patently pseudo intellectualism of the conceited columnist (“Paspalum Place”). On the other hand, Neville’s ongoing dislike of modern technology – no computers, no email and no Word Doc for him – quite possibly curtailed his wider influence as the study of sport and sports history tightened into an exclusive academic enclave, a zealously protected school for like minds, their work reading increasingly like what "Paspalum Place" described as onanism. Neville preferred books and primary sources to the insidious, unreliable Internet. He wrote his notes and letters in longhand. As for revolutionary ideas, like sport as art, they came to be frowned upon – after all, it attracted negative publicity.
Ironically, Neville’s passing was announced to a broader audience on the very stage Neville shunned, social media. It came on Facebook, from his great friend and fellow sports historian Bernard Whimpress. This elicited an outpouring of sorrow from the select group of Bernard’s online friends, one of whom referred as Neville as “Nevillepaedia”. Others recalled a gentleman and a true character, a special and an exceptional man, a great “encourager” and contributor, and an entertaining and extremely knowledgeable companion. For all that, Neville was a man people felt they knew, yet knew little about.
Neville’s true fame did not extend much beyond that small circle of those close friends who, through getting to know Neville well, had gained some inkling of his life of achievements. The Neville I knew was quiet, unassuming, humble and modest, though also exceedingly erudite. He was a voice of reason and he was generous and kind, including with his praise (you knew you’d earned it), a impish soul with an irresistible sense of fun. I’m reliably told he was also a marvellous teacher.
It was only through a chance chat in a bar in 2007 that I learned Neville was such an adept at a keyboard. It was talking with a lifewire Ukrainian, Dr Jorge Dorfman Knijnik, a lecturer in physical education and sport at University of São Paulo in Brazil, when Jorge offered to sing one of my favourite tunes, The Girl from Ipanema, at a dinner I was MC-ing in the Great Hall at the Australian National University, and Neville was suggested as an accompanist. I was only too happy to agree to this arrangement, and stopped the pre-recorded soundtrack between Frank Sinatra’s There Used To Be a Ballpark Right Around Here and Roy Harper’s When An Old Cricketer Leaves the Crease for the Jorge-Neville recital. To say Neville astonished the large gathering with his piano playing would be a gross understatement. We were simply flabbergasted that, in the enforced absence of Sinatra and Harper, such a rich talent was in our midst.
Neville went on to play Vangelis’s memorable instrumental Chariots of Fire, the theme music for the movie of the same name, ending his performance with a lavish back-fingered sweep of the wires and proceeding to explain to a room full of sports historians and their partners that the title had nothing whatsoever to do with sport, nor indeed the 1924 Paris Olympic Games. We philistines, we innocently profane many, learned that the words “Chariots of Fire” came from the poem “And Did Those Feet in Ancient Time" by William Blake, probably written in 1804, a preface to his epic Milton: A Poem in Two Books, one of a collection of writings known as the Prophetic Books. And that Blake’s words became the hymn Jerusalem, with music written by Sir Hubert Parry in 1916. The poem was inspired by the apocryphal story that a young Jesus, accompanied by Joseph of Arimathea, a tin merchant, travelled to what is now England and visited Glastonbury. The theme is linked to the Book of Revelation, describing a Second Coming, wherein Jesus establishes a New Jerusalem. Blake implies that a visit by Jesus would briefly create heaven in England, in contrast to the "Dark Satanic Mills" of the Industrial Revolution.
In  a way it sounds a bit like postmodernist theory, and I doubt that did much for Neville. Either way, I gather that, because of our night on the town with Bernard Whimpress, which included a bossa novaaround a large pile of coats (the first dance in 30 years of sports history conferences), the pair missed the following morning’s presentation on postmodernist theory in the study of sport history. Bernard, by the way, gained some notoriety by adding a typewriter museum to a nunnery as being among places in which he’d slept.
Happily, the one session I’m forever grateful I attended during that 2007 sports history conference was the last one, the one in which J. Neville Turner presented his talk titled “The Half Eaten Pear”. My recollection is that this wasn’t even a scheduled presentation, and that some unfortunate historians, eager to catch flights out of Canberra, missed it. But “The Half Eaten Pear” has, in the past 11 years, developed such a reputation it has almost attained legendary status, at least among sports historians. There are those of us who were there and heard it and those who so earnestly wished they had been there that they have come to believe they were. The talk was a satirical look at the maze of rules of golf as laid down by the Royal and Ancient of St Andrews, so comprehensive and involved that they leave one wondering, “What possible eventuality could they have overlooked?” Well, Neville provided the answers to that question with a paper that readily recalled Evelyn Waugh in his Scoop mood, such was its plausible ridiculousness. In my humble opinion, “The Half Eaten Pear” ranks, among sports talks, right up there with Humphrey Tilling’s famous “Six Ages of Cricket”, given to the Forty Club in London in 1963 (indeed, Neville was probably suitably inspired by the Tilling talk). Neville’s costume manager on the day was Bernard Whimpress, who, since Neville was not golfer himself (though an able tennis player), supplied a broken half-wedge and plus fours.
Back then, Jorge Dorfman Knijnik reminded me of a quote from the Indian philosopher Jiddu Krishnamuurti,  “So when you are listening to somebody completely, attentively, then you are listening not only to the words, but also to the feeling of what is being conveyed, to the whole of it, not part of it.” Bernard Whimpress has come to describe Neville’s talk as a “riot”. Yet, as much as everyone there was reduced to tears of laughter, nobody dared miss a single word. And during Neville’s talk, one grasped fully the feeling, and came to gain a precious insight into the character that was John Neville Turner.

At One With The Machine: The Sanctuary of a Typewriter in a Mechanical Jungle

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'At one with the typewriter': Françoise Sagan
A 16-year-old John Rosselli at Phillips Exeter Academy, New Hampshire, 1943.
It's more than 60 years now since John Rosselli, the gifted Anglo-Italian historian and musicologist who "brought his intellectual substance to the Guardian", wrote in what was then called the Manchester Guardian about enjoying "a long, almost untroubled love affair with the typewriter". His typewriter was, according to Rosselli, the one notable exception in a life of mishaps with machines as he struggled through a "mechanical jungle". Rosselli said he had "shared a feeling" with the French writer Françoise Sagan (1935-2004, real name Françoise Quoirez) the "charming little monster" who had "wished to feel at one with the machine".
How little has changed in the past six decades! Rosselli's relatively smooth experiences with his typewriter had given him false hope. "The typewriter seems to promise that … I may yet reach a haven at the centre of the mechanical jungle," he wrote. He had grasped that whatever faults the typewriter might have, they were not essential to the machine, but irritants that were "by the way". Through the typewriter, he had over-optimistically come to a "glimpse of what might be" in an advanced mechanical jungle. His dream of a future filled with inscrutable but neutral machines, silent and passive, has in truth come to nothing. "At the back of my mind lurks the image of a world where machines, faultless and amenable every one, will purringly save all that they are meant to of labour and strain." No such luck, old chap! The incomprehensible and hostile are still in charge. In this household, at least, we have difficulties with things as basic as the television remote control, let alone the intricacies of iPhones, tablets and laptops. What makes the motors in our cars tick is an abiding mystery, and even the dials on the oven can confuse me. As for the dishwasher and washing machine ... well, perhaps they don't quite remain objects which evoke some trepidation, but there was a time ...
Carlo Rosselli
By 1958, John Rosselli had suffered years of corresponding problems - that is, with machines of an earlier age. I might hazard a guess that some of his woes were caused by Rosselli losing his father, the hero of the Italian anti-Fascist Resistance Carlo Rosselli, at such an early age. The day after John's 10th birthday, June 9, 1937, Carlo* and his brother Nello were gunned down by "cagoulards", militants of La Cagoule, the secret services of the French Fascist regime, on the orders of Mussolini through Galeazzo Ciano. It's by growing up with handyperson parents that children learn had to attach the correct wires to electrical plugs, and to mend leaking taps. I'm familiar with this process; because I did everything myself, unaided, my own sons are hopeless at this sort of thing.
John Rosselli's younger sister, the great avant-garde poet Amelia Rosselli (1930-96), had shared with her brother a love of typewriters. In Amelia's case, she felt she liked to type as if playing a musical instrument, a "typing Chopin". Amelia composed her poetry on a typewriter, in particular for what has been described as her "harmonious dissonances" from the metric spaces [Spazi Metrici], the metrical experimentation and intertextuality of her poems. In Spazi Metrici (1962), Amelia wrote, "In laying out the first line of the poem I definitively fixed the width of the framework, both spatial and temporal; the subsequent verses had to be adapted to the same degree, to identical formulation."  
Amelia Rosselli
In a letter to John in October 1979, Amelia wrote, "I am writing to you on my not brand new writing machine, bought more than a year ago; it has the faculty of not tiring anything but the back, while neck bothers simply completely disappear, it being heavily sprung (that is of stronger touch, or heavier). I happened to buy it second hand, and it turned out to be a sort of tank from East Germany made they say about 50 years ago. So I type and type on, with great progress to my mind at least, since whatever work comes through is no longer a big worry as to arthritis etc."
The first edition of her Serie Ospedaleria (1969) was printed using a monospace font which resembled a typewriter typeface. It "was the only edition published during Rosselli's lifetime in which she was able to realise her graphic vision for the page. The edition is printed ... to reproduce the visual effect of a typewritten page, wherein each letter occupies an equal space and carries an equal visual 'weight'."
Amelia, suffering from paranoid schizophrenia, committed suicide by jumping from her fifth floor apartment window near Rome's Piazza Navona, tragically acting out a play her grandmother had written 90 years earlier, in 1906, L'idea fissa (The Fixed Idea), about a young person who has a dual personality.

Amelia Rosselli's typing
John and Amelia were the grandchildren of Giuseppe Rosselli, a musicologist. and Amelia Pincherle Rosselli (1870-1954, right), a Venetian Jewish feminist, playwright and translator who came from a family prominent in the Florentine Risorgimento. An aunt of the novelist Alberto Moravia (1907-1990, born Alberto Pincherle, image below)Amelia Pincherle married into wealth from the Rosselli family ownership of mercury mines in southern Tuscany. John and Amelia's mother was the former Marion Cave (1896-1949, left, with John as a baby), who was born into a Quaker family in Riseley, Bedfordshire, the daughter of an active socialist and herself a committed socialist.
John and Amelia with Carlo and Nello Rosselli
Alberto Moravia
As for John (in reality Giovanni, and nicknamed "Mirtillino"), he died in Cambridge, England, at the age of 73, on January 16. 2001.  He first met his father, at three months, in a prison in Savona. John grew up in Paris among the political exiles and intellectual grand bourgeois. When France fell to the Nazis in June 1940, Marion Rosselli took her children to England and, after a few months, the United States. In 1942 John went to Phillips Exeter Academy, New Hampshire, then Swarthmore College, near Philadelphia, where he took a BA in humanities, was assistant editor of the college newspaper, acted in plays reviewed by W.H. Auden (then a Swarthmore teacher), met a Baltimore Quaker, Nicky Farrar, whom he was to marry a decade later after her divorce from her first husband, and, in 1946, graduated summa cum laude.
John at Swarthmore College, 1946
After the war John returned to England to be with his seriously ill mother. Upon Marion's death in 1949, Amelia suffered a nervous breakdown. John served in the British army - as a sergeant at the port of Trieste - and, after demobilisation, studied for a PhD at Peterhouse College, Cambridge University. His thesis, "Lord William Bentinck and the British Occupation of Sicily, 1811-1814", won the Thirlwall Prize and was published in 1956. By then John had already become a journalist with the Manchester Guardian, as a leader writer in 1951, and was also literary editor from 1953-56. When the Guardian moved to London in 1956, so too did John, as deputy London editor. In 1962 he became features editor.
In the autumn of 1964 John left newspaper work to teach political and cultural history at the then new University of Sussex, ending up as dean of English and American studies from 1983-85. In his third and final phase of life he became a historian of opera. His wife died in 1989 and John moved to a village south of Siena in 1995, and later to Florence. 
*Carlo Rosselli (1899-1937) was a Italian political leader, journalist and historian as well as anti-fascist activist. He developed a theory of reformist, non-Marxist Socialism, inspired by the British Labour movement, that he described as "liberal Socialism". After a daring escape from a Fascist prison in 1929, Carlo made his way to Paris and founded the anti-fascist militant movement Giustizia e Libertà, and in 1936 fought with the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War. 

The Typewriters of Françoise Sagan

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Richard Polt asked in a comment on yesterday's post, "Which machine is Mlle. Sagan using in those photos? Not her Baby or her '50s Smith-Corona, I think. Could it be a Corona Four?"
I think he is right:

Typewriters at The MacDowell Colony, 1948

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American poet, critic, editor and journalist Amalie (Amy) Bonner was snapped typing on her Underwood faux woodgrain portable when LIFE magazine's famed Fort Dodge, Iowa-born photographer Robert Wayne Kelley (1920-1991) visited The MacDowell Colony artists' retreat in Peterborough, New Hampshire, in July 1948. Kelley's picture spread, headlined "Life visits the MacDowell Colony", appeared in the August 23, 1948, edition of the magazine. The caption under the image of Bonner said she wrote poetry during the morning then served as the colony's librarian to pay for her keep at the retreat. The library contained more than 200 books written by authors who had stayed at The MacDowell Colony, LIFE reported.
Amy Bonner (left as a young woman, and right) was born to a Romanian father and Austrian mother in New York City on February 7, 1891, and grew up in Brooklyn and later lived in Manhattan. A journalist, she reviewed books of verse for the World-Telegram and The Brooklyn Daily Eagle and also worked on the staff of TheNew York Evening Post. She wrote poetry which appeared in Poetry: A Magazine of Verse, starting in 1921. From 1937-47 she served as Poetry’s eastern business representative. She died on December 26, 1955, aged 64
Kelley also photographed Irish authors Mary and Padraic Colum working together of their book Our Friend James Joyce, which wasn't published until 10 years later, in 1958, the year after Mary's death. The couple is using a Remington Noiseless portable.
Mary Gunning Colum (née Maguire) was born on June 15, 1884, in Collooney, County Sligo. Her mother died in 1895, leaving her to be reared by her grandmother Catherine in Ballisodare, Sligo. Mary attended boarding school in Monaghan and went on to University College, Dublin, where she meet W. B. Yeats and founded the Twilight Literary Society and co-founded The Irish Review with her future husband. She married Padraic Colum in July 1912, and they moved to New York in 1914. The couple spent 1930-33 in Paris and Nice, during which time Mary got to know James Joyce and his family and Padraic became involved in the transcription of Finnegans Wake. Mary served as the literary editor of The Forum magazine from 1933–41 and taught comparative literature with Padraic at Columbia and the University City College of New York from 1941. In middle age she was encouraged to return to writing, and became established as a literary generalist in American journals, including Poetry, Scribner's, The Nation, The New Republic, Freeman, The New York Times Review of Books, The Saturday Review of Books and The Tribune. Mary died on October 22, 1957, in New York City.
Padraic Colum was born in Columcille, County Londford, on December 8, 1881. He was a poet, novelist, dramatist, biographer, playwright, children's author and collector of folklore and one of the leading figures of the Irish Literary Revival. In the early part of the 20th Century he started to write and met a number of the leading Irish writers of the time, including Yeats, Lady Gregory and George William Russell. He also joined the Gaelic League and was a member of the first board of the Abbey Theatre. He became a regular user of the National Library of Ireland, where he met Joyce and the two became lifelong friends. He collected Irish folk songs, and sometimes rewrote them almost in their entirety, including the famous She Moved Through the Fair. He was awarded a prize by Cumann na nGaedheal for his anti-enlistment play, The Saxon Shillin'. His earliest published poems appeared in The United Irishman, a newspaper edited by Arthur Griffith. In America, Colum took up children's writing. At the suggestion of Dr Pádraic Whyte (School of English, Trinity College Dublin) a first edition of Colum's first volume (At the Gateways of the Day) was presented to US President Barack Obama by Taoiseach Enda Kenny on the occasion of Obama's visit to Dublin in 2011. Padraic Colum died in Enfield, Connecticut, on January 11, 1972, aged 90.
I guess Kelley felt he couldn't just take a whole series of shots of authors at their typewriters, so with the novelist Nancy Wilson Ross (1901-86, right) he caught the Olympia, Washington native feeding a chipmunk a peanut butter sandwich from her studio porch. Ross was working on I, My Ancestor at the time. Ross was also an authority on Eastern religions. Other writers at The MacDowell Colony at the time Kelley visited were Willa Cather, Thornton Wilder, Elinor Wylie, Edwin Arlington Robinson and Stephen Vincent Benét (below).
The MacDowell Colony,  now 32 studios scattered over 450 acres, was founded in 1907 by Marian MacDowell, pianist and wife of composer Edward MacDowell. She established the institution and its endowment chiefly with donated funds. The mission of the colony is to nurture the arts by offering creative individuals of the highest talent an inspiring environment in which they can produce enduring works of the imagination. Over the years, an estimated 7700 artists have been supported in residence, including the winners of at least 79 Pulitzer Prizes, 781 Guggenheim Fellowships, 100 Rome Prizes, 30 National Book Awards, 26 Tony Awards, 24 MacArthur Fellowships, 9 Grammys, 8 Oscars and 8 National Medals for the Arts. The colony has accepted visual and interdisciplinary artists, architects, filmmakers, composers, playwrights, poets and writers. Wilder wrote Our Town and The Bridge of San Luis Rey there, and Cather wrote Death Comes for the Archbishop
Kelley's image of Marian MacDowell as used in the LIFE spread.
In 1896, Marian Griswold Nevins MacDowell (1857-1956) bought Hillcrest Farm in Peterborough as a summer residence for herself and her husband. The couple formulated a plan to provide an interdisciplinary experience in a nurturing landscape, by creating an institutionalised residential art colony in the area. Edward MacDowell died in 1908, the year after Marian MacDowell had deeded their farm to the Edward MacDowell Association and founded the non-profit organisation The MacDowell Colony. 

One Last Sheet Left in the Typewriter: The Tragic End for Young Broadway Playwright Leon Cunningham

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On the evening of Monday, December 8, 1930 - exactly five weeks after his 35th birthday - successful young Broadway playwright and actor Leon Michael Cunningham typed the words "The End" on the last page of his latest play. His typewriter sat on a desk in a tiny, otherwise sparsely furnished $6-a-week third-floor room in a boarding house at 62 West 69th Street, Manhattan, his "home" for 10 years. Leon left the sheet in the platen of his typewriter and walked up two floors to a bathroom, carrying a long electric light cord. In the bathroom he fashioned one end of the cord into a noose and tied the other end to an overhead water pipe. He stood on a chair, put the noose around his neck and kicked the chair away from under his feet.
Some hours later, at 9 o'clock that night, Leon's Jamaican friend George H. Byron, a theatre porter who was living in the same building, found Leon's body and alerted police. Patrolman John Owens, of the West 47th Street station, attended, and found all but one page of the typescript of Leon's play on the desk, beside his typewriter. Told by police of Leon's demise, an aunt, Mrs V.J. DeCamp of East Lansing, said "That part of the manuscript of the play was found in the typewriter in his room adds to the strangeness of the case." Patrolman Owens said he believed Leon had committed suicide once he had completed the play, and The New York Times agreed, writing that Leon had finished the script. Most other newspaper reports of Leon's death, however, led with the angle that because the last page was still in the typewriter, the play was unfinished, as if to imply an unfulfilled life.
Leon M. Cunningham with fellow actors in the Michigan University Comedy Club in 1915.
Yet Leon Cunningham had achieved much in his short if often unhappy life, and family, close friends and former fellow students from Michigan University were at a loss to explain why he'd taken his own life. The police theory, based on what some of Leon's friends told them, was that Leon had been brooding while waiting to be paid for the staging of one of his plays in Germany. There were other ideas. Michigan University's view was that Leon had "waged a desperate battle with poverty and discouragement". It said he had been "forced to do something for a living while writing plays. He tried journalism [for the Detroit News], salesmanship and finally acting." But each time he was drawn back to his typewriter and his plays. In his home town of Leslie, Michigan, Leon was known as someone who was "temperamental" and little understood by casual acquaintances, but warmly regarded by real friends. There was a question about lingering concerns over a motor car accident three months earlier, on September 11, involving a Miss Helen Zolowski.
There had also been some quite cruel reviews of Leon's plays. The Wonder Ship (about Zub, a young man with "a tragic inability to grasp prosaic reality" and who "never grows up to put his dreams to constructive action") was said in Delaware in May to have been a tragedy with a "tragic atmosphere". An April 1929 Wisconsin review would have stung, too: "Some of you may recall Leon Cunningham ... some actors may even recall his play [Poor Fish]." Generally, however, reviews of Leon's acting performances were warm to say the least .. if only he'd abandoned the typewriter!
Two of Leon's plays reached Broadway, the hayseed comedy Neighbours and Hospitality. Other plays included Small Town StuffHis Broadway acting credits included White Eagle,1927, The Vagabond King, 1925, Only 381921, HamletThe Taming of the Shrew, Twelfth Night, The Bonds of Interest and A Night in Avignon, all in 1919. It didn't help Leon's cause that at the height of his play-writing powers, in 1922-23, Broadway had a rare run of five consecutive smash hits (it was called America's "Golden Age" of theatre), and with his underwhelming Hospitality ...
Neighbours at least got some laughs ...

Josephine Hull in the stage play of Harvey.
While police still searched for Leon's relatives, one of Leon's twin sisters, Gertrude Schmidt of Flint, Michigan, travelled to New York to take Leon's body back to Leslie. The simple, small funeral was held on the Friday, December 12, with two friends flying in from Detroit and landing on a field three miles outside the town. One was George Murphy, brother of Detroit mayor Frank Murphy, the other a Michigan University classmate, Lieutenant Ralph Snoke. Leon was buried beside his father, Peter James Cunningham, a Michigan Central Railroad telephone and telegraph operator who died of pleurisy at Battle Creek, aged 37, in 1902, when Leon was just six. 
A New York Times profile in December 1923:
The report of his suicide in the Lansing State Journal:

Liar, Liar, Remington Portable Typewriter On Fire

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Walter Duranty reading Pravda in 1925

In this age of rampant fake news, there are doubtless hundreds of Russian trolls and ex-Cambridge Analytica employees lining up for their Walter Duranty Awards. Walter who? Walter Duranty is probably the most universally despised journalist in the history of newspapers, and the most justifiably disrespected person ever to use a typewriter. Over the past 24 years, a number of dubious prizes have been awarded in Duranty's thoroughly and deservedly blackened name, including for "Journalistic Mendacity", "Journalistic Dissimulation", "Obfuscating Propaganda Journalism" and "Historical Distortions". The prizes were started by the Ukrainian American Justice Committee in 1994 to cover journalistic "deceit, prevarication, duplicity, fraud, racism or, of course, dissimulation", and have been continued in various guises ever since. Nowadays the award highlights "egregious examples of dishonest reporting".
Duranty's crime? After gaining an exclusive interview with the despot in 1922, Duranty became a lackey for Joseph Stalin (who he called "the greatest living statesman" and the "guardian of a sacred flame"), and told the world there was no famine-genocide in the Ukraine in 1932-33, when in truth Stalin had deliberately caused the deaths of up to 10 million people, mostly from starvation. Duranty, instead, put this cold-blooded mass slaughter down to "you can’t make an omelet without breaking eggs". The Ukraine outrage has been referred to as the "Other Holocaust" and the "Holodomor". For his efforts in covering up the atrocity, Duranty was awarded a Pulitzer Prize for what The Nation claimed were the most "enlightening, dispassionate, and readable dispatches from a great nation in the making which [have] appeared in any newspaper in the world." What Duranty wrote was actually a pack of downright lies.
Malcolm Muggeridge (above), back then the Manchester Guardian's Moscow correspondent, had seen first-hand the reality in the Ukraine, and labelled Duranty a "persistent liar" and "the greatest liar of any journalist I have ever met". Washington columnist Joseph Alsop (below) said "Lying was Duranty's stock in trade." 
Remarkably, the Pulitzer board has twice resisted calls to revoke Duranty's award. The first occasion was in 1990, and came in the face of such works as Sally J. Taylor's Stalin's Apologist, Walter Duranty: The New York Times' Man in Moscow, published earlier that same year. In 2003 the board found “no clear and convincing evidence of deliberate deception, the relevant standard in this case". 
Duranty worked in Moscow for The New York Times from 1921. It took almost 70 years for the Times to think again about the work he produced for the newspaper. After reviewing Taylor's book, the Times assigned Karl E. Meyer of its editorial board to write a signed leader about Duranty's journalism. Meyer said Duranty's articles constituted "some of the worst reporting to appear in this newspaper". He concluded that Duranty had bet his reputation on Stalin and "strove to preserve it by ignoring or excusing Stalin's crimes".
Duranty in Vanity Fair, 1934
Thirteen years later, the Times hired Mark von Hagen, professor of Russian history at Columbia University, to re-investigate the matter. Von Hagen described Duranty's coverage as a ''dull and largely uncritical recitation of Soviet sources''. ''That lack of balance and uncritical acceptance of the Soviet self-justification for its cruel and wasteful regime was a disservice to the American readers of The New York Times and the liberal values they subscribe to and to the historical experience of the peoples of the Russian and Soviet empires and their struggle for a better life.'' Of Duranty's Pulitzer Prize, Von Hagen felt ''They should take it away for the greater honor and glory of The New York Times. He really was kind of a disgrace in the history of The New York Times." Times publisher Arthur Ochs Sulzberger Jr called Duranty's work "slovenly" and that that "should have been recognised for what it was by his editors and by his Pulitzer judges seven decades ago.''Times executive editor Bill Keller added, ''It's absolutely true that the work Duranty did, at least as much of it as I've read, was credulous, uncritical parroting of propaganda. As someone who spent time in the Soviet Union while it still existed, the notion of airbrushing history kind of gives me the creeps.'' Three years ago Times writer David W. Dunlap called Duranty's Pulitzer "our 'Guilty With an Explanation' prize, the only framed tribute in the 15th-floor [Times] Pulitzer gallery that contains a description of what went wrong with the correspondent’s reporting." 
The Times admits today that even though its editors knew at the time Duranty's reporting was "tendentious", it kept him on board until 1941. The Times has online a "Statement About 1932 Pulitzer Prize Awarded to Walter Duranty" and concedes that "Since the 1980s, the paper has been publicly acknowledging his failures.""Times correspondents and others have since largely discredited his coverage. Duranty’s cabled dispatches had to pass Soviet censorship, and Stalin’s propaganda machine was powerful and omnipresent. Duranty’s analyses relied on official sources as his primary source of information, accounting for the most significant flaw in his coverage - his consistent underestimation of Stalin’s brutality ... Taking Soviet propaganda at face value this way was completely misleading, as talking with ordinary Russians might have revealed even at the time. Duranty’s prize-winning articles quoted not a single one - only Stalin ..."
In 2003 The Guardian published an article, "Ukrainians want pro-Stalin writer stripped of Pulitzer", by Askold Krushelnycky, in which Duranty was described as a "drug addict, sexual predator on both sexes and apologist for Stalin".  It said that in the 1920s, Duranty lived in Paris, where he met Aleister Crowley and took part in magic rituals and drunken orgies and developed an opium habit. Historian Robert Conquest told The Observer that Duranty was blackmailed by Soviet secret police over his sexual proclivities.
Duranty was born in Liverpool, England, on May 25, 1884, and was educated at Harrow and Emmanuel College, Cambridge. He died in Orlando, Florida, on October 3, 1957, aged 73.

How the Outbreak of the Cold War was Typewritten

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Events in Salisbury, England, in early March led some to suggest a Second Cold War is imminent. Former Russian Main Intelligence Directorate officer and British spy Sergei Skripal and his daughter Yulia were poisoned with a Novichok nerve agent. As a result, 29 countries took punitive action against Russia and an unprecedented 153 Russian diplomats were sent packing, including two from Australia and 48 from the United States. The Russian consulate in Seattle and the US consulate in St Petersburg were closed. If World War One - which dragged the US, Australia and New Zealand into the squabble among a bunch of European consanguineal kin, and cost those nations hundreds and thousands of young lives - could be sparked by the shooting of an obscure Austro-Hungarian archduke in Sarajevo, and Cold War Two could be set off by the poisoning of a duplicitous double agent and his daughter in Salisbury, what then of a Manhattan "Leap to Freedom" by a 5ft 3in tall, brown-eyed 52-year-old rug-knitting widow? Could she possibly have precipitated Cold War One?
It may seem a bit old hat by now, but it's coming up for 70 years since the tit-for-tat closure of US and Russian consulates occurred the first time, and all because of a Ukrainian natural science teacher called Oksana Stepanovna Kasenkina (above). In late August 1948, the Soviet Union's consulate in New York City, as well as the San Francisco consulate, were closed and the Soviet Union ordered the US consulate in Vladivostok closed. Plans for a US consulate in Leningrad were shelved. Then Soviet Consul-General Jacob Lomakin advised the Kremlin against ever re-establishing consular relations, and in the event it was 26 years before the US and Soviet Union came to an agreement to open new consulates, the US in Kiev and the Soviet Union in New York City. (The Soviet consulate in New York was opened in 1934, on the strength of reports from Moscow by Walter Duranty. See previous post.)
According to Susan Lisa Carruthers in her 2009 book Cold War Captives: Imprisonment, Escape and Brainwashing,the Kasenkina affair "prompted Newsweek to announce that the Cold War had, at last, become universally intelligible ... Historians have failed to memorialise Kasenkina's role as a precipitant of the Cold War, but for some weeks in 1948, the tale of a desperate Soviet schoolteacher who sought to avoid forcible repatriation to the USSR monopolised the headlines: 'a melodrama' more hair-raising than a Grade-B thriller' ... [She was] a stirring example of the lengths to which a Soviet citizen would go to escape her state's tyrannous clutches. With her dramatic exit from the consulate, Kasenkina appeared to validate a fundamental truth about two antithetical ways of life. While the 'worker's paradise' was a country one would court death to flee, the US beckoned as an asylum for which one would risk risk itself."Kasenkina had, said Newsweek, provided the "Western democracies ... their biggest break in the three-year propaganda war" with Moscow. Carruthers adds that Kasenkina became "a prominent icon of anti-Communism".
Still in her Roosevelt Hospital bed in September 1948, Oksana Kasenkina tells her story to Belarus-born American journalist and anti-Communist writer Isaac Don Levine, described by Martin Tytell as a "typewriter expert".
Bear in mind that, if one accepts the Carruthers view of Kasenkina's impact on American thinking, then the fact is that it wasn't so much bombs and war machines that created the vision of the start of a Cold War as the typewriters which spewed out hundreds of thousands of words from and about Kasenkina, words which swept across the world and forever influenced attitudes towards the Soviet Union. Words about Kasenkina's escape even reached the USSR, where two Soviet pilots, on hearing of her successful "Leap to Freedom", decided in October 1948 to fly their fighter plane from western Ukraine to the American zone of Austria, and were taken from there to the US. Promised a safe return to see his wife and baby son, one of them, Anatoly Barsov, went back to the Soviet Union. Australian defectors the Petrovs later revealed that Barsov was immediately executed and didn't even get to see his son.
It's startling how similar the Kasenkina story is to that of fellow Ukrainian Evdokia Alexeyevna Petrova, the Soviet spy who succeeded in defecting to Australia almost six years after Kasenkina had defied death in New York City. The defection of Siberian-born Vladimir Petrov and his wife changed the entire political spectrum in Australia, leading to a split in the Labor Party and conservatives staying in power until 1972. (Petrov is seen right being forced on to a plane in Sydney by armed Soviet "diplomats").
Both women lived out the rest of their lives under assumed names. The major difference is that Kasenkina was no spy, though she was far more unspoken about conditions behind the Iron Curtain that Petrov was, at least publicly. 
Apparently historians can't fully agree on an official date for the outbreak of the Cold War, but a common timeframe is the period after March 12 1947, when what would become the Truman Doctrine was announced. The Berlin Blockade began on June 24, 1948, two months before Kasenkina's vertiginous leap. Carruthers write that "voluminous literature crammed with opening salvos, crisis points and bellicose declarations" yields no mention of Kasenkina. There's no doubt, however, that a crisis involving a single individual is a far more effective catalyst in making a broader concern more crystal clear. Newsweek choose its words well, saying the Kasenkina affair made the Cold War "Something That People Can Understand". TIME said Kasenkina had revealed "nakedly ... the bitter despair behind the glowing promises in Communism's worker's paradise". The New York Times said, "The incident on Sixty-first Street will strengthen popular resolve." Carruthers adds that it marked a "new nadir" in US-Soviet relations, and she proposed "a different kind of starting point for the Cold War: the point at which that phenomenon became emotionally resonant for 'ordinary Americans'."Kazenkina"vividly illuminated the Cold War's terms of engagement, providing a model for individuals and nationals the world over." Americans had seemingly been previously unmoved "by distant wrangling over Berlin and the creeping Stalinization of eastern Europe".
 Kazenkina recovers in Roosevelt Hospital after her ordeal.

While Kasenkina was still recovering in hospital from her near-fatal fall, she was visited by Belarus-born journalist and anti-Communist writer Isaac Don Levine (1892-1981), who persuaded Kasenkina to allow him to ghost-write her life story for syndication through Hearst to newspapers and magazines around the world. At the time Levine was editor of the anti-Communist magazine Plain Talk. Kasenkina later collaborated with another writer, fellow Ukrainian Walter Dushnyck, a specialist in Eastern European affairs and editor of the Ukraine Quarterly, on her "autobiography", Leap to Freedom. While Levine was fixatedly and rabidly anti-Stalinist, Dushnyck was deeply concerned with human-rights issues in Russia and the Ukraine. Nonetheless, the extended series of long articles by Levine, appearing under Kazenkina's byline, was a relatively straightforward saga of her unhappy life under Stalin's rule, first in Sloviansk (Slavyansk to Kasenkina) in Donetsk Oblast, eastern Ukraine, and later in Moscow until her arrival in New York to teach to children of Soviet diplomats. Particularly harrowing were the details of the NKVD's arrests of her maths teacher husband, the Bolsevik Demyan Nikitich Kasenkin, and her brother-in-law, telegraph operator Stefan, in April 1937 (they were sent to Siberia and she never saw either of them again). In 1934 Kasenkina also lost her daughter Sylvestra ("Sylva") to starvation following the Ukraine famine in 1934, and her son Oleg, who died fighting for the Red Army on the Volkhov Front on January 1942.
Oleg, Oksana and Sylva Kasenkina in much happier times, 1932.
In her book, however, Kasenkina is critical of the US State Department, accusing it of caving in to Soviet blackmail - with an implied "danger of war". The department had delayed the serving of a writ of habeas corpus for her release from Soviet consulate while it checked out the facts of the matter, but the department's procrastination was overtaken by Common Cause, a militant anti-Communist action group which had its origins in Britain and was introduced to the US by Natalie Wales Latham Paine in 1947. Common Cause directly served the suit on Soviet Consul-General Jacob Lomakin on the evening of August 11, the day before Kasenkina jumped. New York Supreme Court Justice Samuel Dickstein decided Lomakin had to produce Kasenkina in court on August 12, despite the fact he was a former paid Soviet agent. Lomakin refused to comply, and the State Department contacted New York Governor Thomas Dewey, urging him to put a stay on Dickstein's verdict. While all this was going on, it became apparent that under Soviet law Kasenkina could be executed within 24 hours. All which forced Kasenkina to take matters into her own hands. (The State Department finally made a strongly-worded declaration on August 20, eight days after the "Leap to Freedom". Lomakin was told to leave the US and the consulate closed a week later.) 
Isaac Don Levine fuelled McCarthyism fires,
just as Kasenkina's escape excited the House Un-American Activities Committee.
While in Boston to cover the Sacco and Vanzetti trials, Levine's experience turned him against the Communist Party and toward a career exposing the NKVD's (People's Commissariat for Internal Affairs) and later KGB's espionage activities in America and Europe. In 1939 Levine collaborated with the Soviet defector Walter Krivitsky for a series of articles in the Saturday Evening Post exposing the horrors of Stalin's regime. From that year until 1948, Levine was deeply involved with Whittaker Chambers in the accusations Chambers made against Alger Hiss, culminating in Levine providing testimony against Hiss to the House Un-American Activities Committee.
Of course, the key piece of evidence against Hiss was a Woodstock typewriter, and the story of that machine, and the involvement of typewriter forensics legend Martin Tytell in the Hiss defence, is told elsewhere on this blog ("FBI Forgery by Typewriter: Re-Examining the Alger Hiss Case - How Did His 1927 Woodstock Become a 1929 Model?"). In February 1957, Tytell gave evidence about another typewriter, this time before the Scope of Soviet Activity in the United States hearings in Washington (see post here). Tytell was questioned by senate subcommittee chief consul Robert Morris about his interest in an April 1956 LIFE magazine article about Stalin being a Czarist spy. That article was written by Isaac Don Levine (see above), who presumably was the "typing expert" referred to by Tytell (below).
Anti-Communists Badim Makaroff, Alexandra Tolstoy and Boris Sergievsky look at the typewritten Levine letter in a bank vault.
That Oksana Kasenkina believed there was an implied "danger of war" in her escape from Stalin's grasp is perhaps underlined by the article she wrote for Collier's magazine for its "The War We Do Not Want" issue of October 27, 1951. Kasenkina's prophecy - happily unfulfilled - was highlighted on the striking cover designed by Richard Deane Taylor. Beside the masthead are the words, "Russia's Defeat and Occupation 1952-60.
Kasenkina details a hypothetical World War III which lasts from 1952 to 1955. It's written from the perspective of a post-war Ukraine in 1960, five years after the collapse of the Soviet Union. She describes her return home after defecting in 1948. (Full story below.)


Kasenkina's life story, as told to Levine, is primarily about a course of events in the Ukraine and Russia, and suggests she may have quietly and patiently plotted to escape the Soviet Union. In fact she felt held back by hopes her son Oleg was still alive. But whatever her plans, things did not map out smoothly for her in the US, and her eventual defection was shrouded in confusion. As Gary Kern points out in his book The Kravchenko Case: One Man's War on Stalin, "The defection of Oksana Stepanovna Kasenkina is one of the most dramatic of all." "It ... caught the world's attention and led to momentous events ... As if with a great exclamation mark the Kasenkina case ended the period when Soviet defectors were regarded with disdain and disfavour in America. By word and deed the USA served notice that henceforth they would be welcomed, honoured and protected." The change most probably occurred because Kasenkina had no attachment to politics, governments, the military or, especially, any intelligence agencies. She was just an ordinary woman, a quiet and unassuming school teacher.
Kasenkina's opportunity for a new life started when she was sent to New York in 1946. But working within the Soviet consulate's school soon opened her eyes to the realities of a Communist caste system (some students were more equal than others). She herself, as a non-Communist Party member, was treated badly. She began to read the American Russian-language newspaper Novoye Russkoye Slovo and was startled to find in an article by the Ukrainian defector Victor Kravchenko:
Secretly going to see the movie The Iron Curtain, a thriller based on the memoirs of Igor Gouzenko, had a similar effect on her. Gouzenko was a defector of Ukrainian stock who exposed Stalin's efforts to steal nuclear secrets and the technique of planting sleeper agents. Kasenkina became increasingly defiant, outspoken and unsettled, and far less inclined to accept her fate when told she would be returning to the Soviet Union by ship when the school year ended in mid-July 1948.
She approached Mark Weinbaum, editor of Novoye Russkoye Slovo, who assisted her to gain entry to Reed Farm at Valley Cottage outside of Nyack, New York. Ironically, the farm was named for John Silas "Jack" Reed, above, the American journalist, poet and socialist activist for did much for Communist Russia's cause, for which he was considered a martyr and a symbol of the international nature of the Bolshevik revolution. But in 1948 it was a retreat for disillusioned Soviets, run by Leo Tolstoy's daughter, Countess Alexandra Tolstoy, seen below typing for her father.
Countess Alexandra Tolstoy at Reed Farm.
Kasenkina was unable to settle at Reed Farm, however, and began to have second thoughts about her decision. She wrote to Soviet Consul-General Jacob Lomakin, under a heading "Why I do not want to return to the Soviet Union", saying this "paradise" had been turned into a hell and a flourishing country into a prison. Kasenkina ended the letter, "I implore you, I implore you once more, don't let me perish here. I am without willpower." Lomakin opted to read "here" as Reed Farm and quickly turned up at the farm to take her away - despite Tolstoy's warning that she would be shot.
Kasenkina's room at Reed Farm is left in a shambles.
After a struggle, Kasenkina was back under Lomakin's control, and soon regretting writing her letter. The police arrived too late, but soon they had informed the Press about what was going on. Lomakin labelled the Reed Farm people as "White Russian bandits" who had kidnapped Kasenkina. A staged press conference only added to the general confusion, with The New York Times presenting the story as a clash between Russian factions. Victor Kravchenko became involved, and contacted Senator Karl Earl Mundt, then acting chairman of the House Un-American Activities Committee embroiled in the Chambers-Hiss case.
Lomakin keeps Kazenkina to a pre-arranged script for the benefit of the US Press.
This is how LIFE magazine saw the sequence of events, differentiating between claim and counter-claim:

Victor Kravchenko told The New York Times, in relation to the fate of Lomakin, Soviet Ambassador to the US Alexander Panyushkin and Vice-Consul Izot Chepurnykh:
Lomakin wasn't purged, but went on to the Beijing embassy and died in 1958. Panyushkin also went to China and later headed the KGB foreign directorate. He died in 1974. Chepurnykh was made the fall guy and was sentenced to 15 years prison. Kasenkina achieved her much cherished ambition to become a US citizen in 1957 and died in Miami, Florida, on July 27, 1960, aged 61. In her Collier's article, she had imagined herself to be back home in Sloviansk by that time, free to worship God again.
Cincinnati Enquirer, September 5, 1964.

New York Daily News, July 26, 1998
We Worship GOD Again
By Oksana Kasenkina

Slavyansk, Ukraine, 1960
It was the summer of 1948. I was looking out from a third-floor window into the courtyard of the Soviet Consulate in New York. Far below me was a telephone cable. I climbed onto the ledge. Behind me was a life of fear, hunger, cold and brutality. I whispered the prayer my mother had taught me. Then I leaped to freedom.
Millions of women in my homeland would have taken the same opportunity, but they had to wait until Stalin destroyed himself and his whole regime in the war which ended in 1955. I was one of the lucky ones, for I had the chance to escape.
I never intended to return to Russia—at least as long as it remained Stalin's dungeon. But today, with Russia free and unfettered, it is the duty of Russians like myself to aid in its reconstruction. Thus it was that I journeyed here to my father's house three months ago. It was the first time in 15 years I had seen my homeland.
Everybody is hopeful about this New Russia of 1960. It would be wrong, of course, to say that all the women of Russia are happy; they are not. Their menfolk are gone. Indeed, there are few families who have not lost a father, a son, or some other loved one. Yet the freedom which women are enjoying here now, after 38 years of terror under the Reds, is in itself a great compensation.
This may be difficult for the women of the Western World to understand, but it is a fact nevertheless. For example, under Stalin every five families had one MVD (secret police) agent watching them. One's every move was watched. People were afraid to talk to one another. The atmosphere, whether it was in a big city or a small village, was always tense and cautious. Neighbors suspected one another of being informers. For every day somebody would be arrested, to disappear into the unknown.
I remember many of my friends being taken away by the MVD and then being sent to Siberia for no other reason than they had commented unfavorably on some facet of the regime. Very few of them returned.
Indeed, this terror which gripped the Soviet Union can best be understood if one remembers that one tenth of the entire population of 212,000,000 was sent to labor camps—in the frozen wastes of Siberia or elsewhere. The very existence of these concentration camps—for that is what they were—provided the MVD with the greatest psychological weapon of fear the world has ever known. And the long arm of the MVD reached outside the borders of the Soviet Union, too.
A few months after my escape, I received a letter. Inside the envelope was a single sheet of paper heavily bordered in black. In the center of the page there was one sentence: "Your blood will be exterminated in the Soviet Union." I am still searching for my relatives.
When I returned here, I found my father's comfortable five-room house desolate and deserted. The big terraces surrounding the building were nearly hidden by the wild rose bushes growing untended in profusion everywhere. For a long time I stood looking at the house and the grounds. Memories came flooding back . . . my son, Oleg, born without a doctor or midwife and being christened by a priest who came out of hiding to perform the christening ceremony . . . the government reported Oleg missing in action in World War II . . . my daughter Sylva dying from starvation during the terrible famine of the collectivization years . . . the arrest and disappearance of my beloved husband, Demyan. As I looked at the place, the artesian well in the overgrown garden sprinkled quietly as though shedding tears of sympathy with me for the bitter memories which came back at that moment.
Inside the house I found a cruel reminder of Stalin's police state. After World War II, when I returned here, I discovered that the Gestapo had used one room for interrogation purposes. I found blood spattered waist-high on the walls. During World War III, this room was used once again as a torture chamber—this time by the MVD. Even today I still wonder how many innocent Russian people passed through the hands of Stalin's gangsters—in this house which once knew such happiness.
One of the first things I did was to take the family icon in its protective mahogany frame and restore it to its former place in that room. Occasionally now, as the sun shines onto the spotlessly white walls, it seems to stop for a moment to pick out the image.
Every home in Russia has its icon today, and there is a great spiritual reawakening throughout the land. Most of these holy paintings were hidden for years, for religion under Stalin was merely a political instrument. But in Russia today, the people are enjoying glorious freedom of religion—as they are enjoying other precious things of the West.
We are rebuilding our town, and the Slavyansk festival has returned. All sorts of goods are on sale; cattle is on exhibition, and there are countless tents and wagons—the whole a great colorful fair with gypsies and everybody wearing their best clothes.
But there is no real happiness here, only a grim gaiety, for the Russian people are still in a state of shock. There is, however, great relief—one can feel it all over Russia—for the people no longer live in terror of anything or anybody. Today the words of Lincoln, "of the people, by the people and for the people," apply to the people of Russia as never before. Under Stalin it was "of the state, by the state, for the state." The "people" did not enter into this warped credo, for there was one great flaw in Stalin's thinking: he did not like the Russian people. 

Omaha's Adam Clarke Van Sant and His Revolutionary 'Van Sant System of Touch Typewriting'

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The Van Sant System of Touch Typewriting was introduced by Clarke Van Sant at the third annual United States Commercial Teachers' Federation convention at the Metropolitan Business College in Chicago on December 28, 1898. Penman’s Art Journal in February 1901 described the occasion thus: " ... a polished, genteel, suave, middle-aged gentleman of medium height, who, when called upon to read a paper and demonstrate the practicability of methods employed in his work, electrified the body of shorthand teachers. That man was A.C. Van Sant, and that hour witnessed the birth of the great movement toward introducing the teaching of touch operating on the typewriter in the various schools. To be sure, many had taught touch typewriting long before this, but not many knew of it. There were no doubt many operators who could handle a machine without looking at the keyboard. Since December,’98, nothing has been so energetically discussed as has this method of operating the machine, and to the subject of the sketch [Van Sant] more than to any one else is due the popularity of the idea."
For almost six decades, from 1899 until at least 1957, a wide range of typewriter manufacturers paid for the rights to use the Van Sant System of Touch Typewriting. Notable among them were Oliver, Smith Premier, Monarch, Fox, Wellington-EmpireL.C. Smith and Corona, Remington, Underwood and Royal - all of which, at one time or another, offered instruction booklets describing the Van Sant System to purchasers of their typewriters. The system was the work of New Jersey-born dentist-turned-stenographer and Omaha, Nebraska, business college operator Adam Clarke Van Sant, who came to be regarded as "the father of improved touch typewriting".
October 27, 1918
By September 1900, more than 40,000 booklets had been sold, and had reached such far-flung places as Yokohama, Valletta in Malta ("an island in the Mediterranean sea" the Omaha Daily Bee felt it necessary to explain) and 100 alone to Melbourne, Australia. Sure enough, in early June 1901, Betty Caroline Leworthy (1877-1962, right), the New Zealand-born Remington Typewriter Agency proprietor in Adelaide, South Australia, announced she had adopted the "new" system. Across on the other side of the world - and much closer to Omaha - The Star in Reynoldsville, Pennsylvania, was still referring to the Van Sant system as "new" when publicising the Reynoldsville Business College. "By this method,"The Star said, "students are taught the location of the keys by touch, thus enabling them to acquire great speed and accuracy in transcribing their notes."
During this period Van Sant had his own typewriting star, Washington County, Maryland-born Marian Reichardt (1883-), the daughter of the leader of the 22nd US Regular Infantry Band, Emil Reichardt, later a New York music teacher. Marian was, according to the Waterloo, Iowa, Courier, "a dainty little damsel of attractive manners and becoming modesty". She grew up in Omaha, became one of Van Sant's earliest students, practised three hours a day for eight months at Van Sant's college, and emerged with an eight-fingered speed of 75 words a minute, which she soon raised to 93. That was sufficiently impressive for Marian to get a position with Smith Premier in Syracuse - at double the pay of any of the workers who built the Alexander Timothy Brown-designed typewriter (she was at the time easily the highest paid typist in the US). With speed typing as a full-time job, Marian eventually picked up her highest rate to 164 words a minute. In April 1900 Smith Premier sent Marian to the Paris World's Fair, the Exposition Universelle which doubled as that year's Olympic Games, to demonstrate her proficiency with the double keyboard machine using the Van Sant system. Marian's typing won Smith Premier the Diploma of Honour, the exposition's top typewriter award, heading off Remington. Upon her return to the US, Marian spent the next five years touring  the country giving typewriter exhibitions
at schools and Brown's Business Colleges for Smith Premier, including at the 1901 Pan-American Exposition, the Buffalo World's Fair ("her eyes are as keen as they are pretty" said the Buffalo Evening News). The characters on her keyboard were blanked out, so she typed from notes or dictation without looking at the machine. Marian was a speed merchant, rather than an endurance typist like the later Underwood world champions. In one notable burst, in Bloomington, Illinois, on December 12, 1901, she typed 250 words in 2½ minutes (still way behind Canadian John Arthur Shields's world record of 222 words in one minute in 1904, or Charles H. McGurrin's earlier 212 wpm on a Fay-Sho). Marian, also an accomplished pianist, got a bit naughty over the years, and in Indianapolis in September 1904, after belting out 160 words in 59 seconds, called her typing "piano style" instead of touch. Happily for her, "Professor" Van Sant was well out of earshot at the time. (That same month Marian matched her 160 wpm record in Dayton, Ohio.)
By the end 1913, Australia had its own Van Sant typewriting star in the form of Selma Madeline Lundqvist (1895-1987), a Glebe-born product of the Stott and Underwood Business School in Sydney, which had adopted the Van Sant system in 1909. Lundqvist had trained under the system since 1910 and in Sydney on December 13, 1913, claimed a world record under amateur championship conditions of 85 words a minute over 30 minutes. The Sydney Sun said she looked "strong and determined enough to be a match for Johnny Summers [the British welterweight boxer]". Lundqvist strengthened her arms and wrists with club-swinging and using exercises outlined by Eugen Sandow (real name Friedrich Wilhelm Müller, 1867-1925), the pioneering German known as the "father of modern bodybuilding". It was proposed that Lundqvist and her sister, Vera Adeline Lundqvist, another Van Sant trainee, should go to the US to take on world champions Margaret Benedict Owen (1893-1952), Bessie Friedman (1895-) and Florence Wilson, members of Charles E. Smith's Underwood professional speed team. But the outbreak of World War I in 1914 put paid to those plans.
Selma Lundqvist
Stott and Underwood boasted that Lundqvist's 85 wpm was three words a minute better than the great Rose Louisa Fritz's record, also set on an Underwood. One difference was that while Fritz's highest speeds were achieved while she was blindfolded, Lundqvist typed with a cover placed six inches above the keyboard. Under these conditions, perhaps Lundqvist's achievement was considered the half-hour amateur record. Inter-continental communications being what they were back then, Stott and Underwood may have failed to grasp that while Fritz had achieved 82 wpm to take out the American championship at Madison Square Garden in November 1906, she had reached 87 wpm to win the world title in October 1907, a figure she matched to retain the championship the following year. By 1913 the world professional record was up to 125 wpm, set by Owen. Indeed, Fritz's highest 30-minute speed was 97, set in 1907 (in the hour-long world championships, it was 95 wpm in 1909). As well, none of Fritz's achievements were attributed to the Van Santsystem. At Underwood, Fritz was coached by Smith,  and later Fritz developed her own typing system with stenographer and psychologist Edward Henry Eldridge.
Lundqvist died in Kogarah, Sydney, aged 92. She, like Reichardt, never married. Both continued to use their typing skills for a livelihood well into an advanced age.
Van Sant's system, described as having "revolutionised the typewriting of the world" (well, it had reached as far as Valletta) was certainly well established by 1912, when this advertisement appeared on page one of The Typewriter World:
Given that by then hundreds of thousands of typewriter owners and users had seen the "Van Sant System of Touch Typewriting System", it would seem surprising that so little is known about the man who called himself "Professor Van Sant". Who was this man? Well, he most definitely wasn't "Cuspus" Von Sant, so called by Mavis Beacon in "her" many typing instruction books. But, then, there's no such person was Mavis Beacon, either (the face on the cover belongs to Haitian-born Renée L'Espérance), so we don't really know who to blame for this nonsense. One might assume that the authors of Mavis Beacon manuals, whoever they may be, couldn't find out who A.C. Von Sant was, so they simply made up a name for him. But "Cuspus"? Bad enough to be confined to the Mavis Beacon books, but "her" false lead has sadly been taken up by touch typing history researchers across the world (including Hong Kong, which isn't "an island in the Mediterranean sea"). Could it be, as far-fetched as it seems, that the nincompoops who write the Mavis Beacon books got themselves confused with J.E. Gustus, the Brown's Business College superintendent who accompanied Marian Reinhardt on some of her demonstration tours and also ran his own business school?
At least "Mavis Beacon", whoever she is, is fairly accurate in saying, "The fingering taught today is due to the work of Cuspus Van Sant. This typing teacher and student of psychology [he was actually a dentist] understood that the mind works better when learning rules that are free from exceptions. One afternoon while fixing the clock in his typing classroom, Van Sant came upon the idea of assigning each key to a finger. To achieve this, though, he realised he would have to assign more than one key to some fingers. As the index fingers were considered the strongest, Van Sant gave each of these double duty. His text on typewriting was published three months later. We base our modern fingering method on Van Sant’s philosophy. He standardised how we teach keyboarding today." 
The New Yorker, October 15, 1927
Adam Clarke Van Sant was not Cuspus but known as Clarke Van Sant. He was born at Egg Harbor Township, Gloucester, New Jersey, on July 4, 1832, and grew up in Rock Island, Illinois. His family was of Dutch descent, but had been in the New World since the early 18th Century and had taken a prominent part in the American War of the Independence (1775-83). A.C. Van Sant's line settled at Bass River, later Gretna, Burlington County, New Jersey, in 1790. A.C Van Sant was a member of a third generation of shipwrights, seafarers and river boatmen. His grandfather built the first boat constructed at Newport News and his father, John Wesley Van Sant (1810-1902), built steamboats in Rock Island. Another of John Wesley's sons, A.C.'s younger brother Samuel Rinnah Van Sant (right, 1844-1936) was also a shipbuilder, specialising in raft boats. He served in the Minnesota House of Representatives and as the 15th Governor of Minnesota, and was commander in chief of the Grand Army of the Republic in 1909-10. On one occasion, Smith Premier brought the brothers and father together in Rock Island, while Marian Reichardt was giving one of her many typing demonstrations there.
The Van Sant family. Clarke Van Sant is seated left beside his father John Wesley Van Sant. Sam is at the middle back.
1928
At 14, in the spring of 1846, A. C. Van Sant was a cabin boy under Captain Daniel Smith Harris on the War Eagle, one of the fastest early day boats on the Upper Mississippi River. He tried the tinner’s trade but boats kept calling him back to the river. Eventually, in 1860, he became a dentist in Princeton, New Jersey. His first true calling, however, was as a stenographer. Even before dentistry, he had taken up shorthand in 1849 and over the next 60 years was "closely identified with the progress of the art". Van Sant used this skill to occasional reporting for the Chicago Tribune. In the early 1860s he was the official reporter of the Illinois House of Representatives. From there he went to Washington as the private secretary of Owen Lovejoy (1811-1864), the lawyer, Congregational minister, abolitionist and Republican congressman from Illinois. Lovejoy was a "conductor" on the Underground Railroad, as a leader of abolitionists in Illinois in assisting runaway slaves.
Van Sant reported the Democratic National Convention which nominated George B. McClellan, who was the opponent of Abraham Lincoln in 1864. Penman’s Art Journal said, "To give a list of the eminent men [Van Sant] has reported would be to name all of the renowned statesmen of the Civil War period."
In 1883 he moved from Chicago to Omaha and in 1890 established the A.C. Van Sant School of Shorthand and Typewriting.
One of Van Sant's more ardent devotees was Rees Edgar Tulloss, (right, 1881-1959), later president of Wittenberg University, the liberal arts college in Springfield, Ohio. In 1901 the then 20-year-old Tulloss used the Van Sant system to start his own Touch Typewriting School, first by correspondence from his home town of Leipsic, Ohio, then from 1902 from his dorm room in Myers House and later Phi Kappa Psi House at Wittenberg, while also captaining the football team. Tulloss continued to run the school even while president of the university, from 1920-49.
The article below from Typewriter Topics, 1909
Both Clarke Van Sant and his only surviving daughter Elizabeth (1865-1950, story above) became heavily involved with promoting the Munson form of shorthand, a slight revision of Pitman, designed to make it more systematic. This is not connected with the Munson typewriter, but to James Eugene Munson (1835-1906), a New York court stenographer who first presented his system in the Complete Phonographer in 1866. 
Clarke Van Sant died in Omaha on March 30, 1921, aged 88. His ashes are buried in Glendale Cemetery, LeClaire, Iowa.

O.Henry and the 1929 Push of the Remington Noiseless Typewriter

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O. Henry (William Sydney Porter, 1862-1910) used - if the O.Henry House Museum in San Antonio, Texas, is to be believed - an Oliver typewriter. Why would he not type on a machine which starts with the letter "O"?
Sadly, however, it seems unlikely the museum is being accurate, since though it claims Henry lived in this small cabin in 1895-96, just before his first wife died of TB in Austin, he was actually there in 1885-86, almost a decade before the first Oliver was made. Either way, it was some years before Henry's great comeback, after his release from the Ohio Penitentiary in Columbus in 1901, and his move to New York City. From 1902 he began to write some of his finest short stories, including "Springtime Á La Carte", which was published in the collection The Four Million in 1906. (The collection, Henry's second, also included "The Gift of the Magi").
On November 7, 1907, a year after The Four Million came out and he had been reunited with her, Henry married his childhood sweetheart, fellow writer, Sara Lindsey Coleman (1868-1959; the happy couple, below, are on their honeymoon). Could it be that their fortuitous meeting in their native North Carolina, inspired "Springtime Á La Carte", in which the protagonist is called Sarah and her beau's name starts with "W", and the young couple get back together through what Remington would call "the one and only lucky typewriter mistake"?  
Whatever, Remington probably thought the image it used with a full-page advertisement in The New Yorker on April 13, 1929, showing a young woman slumped on a typewriter, looked like Sara Lindsey Porter. The advert came in the midst of a heavy magazine campaign to publicise the Remington Noiseless, starting on March 9, 1929. This particular ad, headed "Dearest Walter with Hard-Boiled Egg", is based around O. Henry's story about Sarah and "Springtime Á La Carte" (the story appears in full below).
Other ads in this series were:
March 9, 1929
March 23, 1929
July 20, 1929
August 17, 1929
September 14, 1929


"Springtime Á La Carte"
It was a day in March.
Never, never begin a story this way when you write one. No opening could possibly be worse. It is unimaginative, flat, dry and likely to consist of mere wind. But in this instance it is allowable. For the following paragraph, which should have inaugurated the narrative, is too wildly extravagant and preposterous to be flaunted in the face of the reader without preparation.
Sarah was crying over her bill of fare.
Think of a New York girl shedding tears on the menu card!
To account for this you will be allowed to guess that the lobsters were all out, or that she had sworn ice–cream off during Lent, or that she had ordered onions, or that she had just come from a Hackett matinee. And then, all these theories being wrong, you will please let the story proceed.
The gentleman who announced that the world was an oyster which he with his sword would open made a larger hit than he deserved. It is not difficult to open an oyster with a sword. But did you ever notice any one try to open the terrestrial bivalve with a typewriter? Like to wait for a dozen raw opened that way?
Sarah had managed to pry apart the shells with her unhandy weapon far enough to nibble a wee bit at the cold and clammy world within. She knew no more shorthand than if she had been a graduate in stenography just let slip upon the world by a business college. So, not being able to stenog, she could not enter that bright galaxy of office talent. She was a free–lance typewriter and canvassed for odd jobs of copying.
The most brilliant and crowning feat of Sarah's battle with the world was the deal she made with Schulenberg's Home Restaurant. The restaurant was next door to the old red brick in which she hall–roomed. One evening after dining at Schulenberg's 40–cent, five–course table d'hôte (served as fast as you throw the five baseballs at the coloured gentleman's head) Sarah took away with her the bill of fare. It was written in an almost unreadable script neither English nor German, and so arranged that if you were not careful you began with a toothpick and rice pudding and ended with soup and the day of the week.
The next day Sarah showed Schulenberg a neat card on which the menu was beautifully typewritten with the viands temptingly marshalled under their right and proper heads from "hors d'oeuvre" to "not responsible for overcoats and umbrellas."
Schulenberg became a naturalised citizen on the spot. Before Sarah left him she had him willingly committed to an agreement. She was to furnish typewritten bills of fare for the twenty–one tables in the restaurant—a new bill for each day's dinner, and new ones for breakfast and lunch as often as changes occurred in the food or as neatness required.
In return for this Schulenberg was to send three meals per diem to Sarah's hall room by a waiter—an obsequious one if possible—and furnish her each afternoon with a pencil draft of what Fate had in store for Schulenberg's customers on the morrow.
Mutual satisfaction resulted from the agreement. Schulenberg's patrons now knew what the food they ate was called even if its nature sometimes puzzled them. And Sarah had food during a cold, dull winter, which was the main thing with her.
And then the almanac lied, and said that spring had come. Spring comes when it comes. The frozen snows of January still lay like adamant in the crosstown streets. The hand–organs still played "In the Good Old Summertime," with their December vivacity and expression. Men began to make thirty–day notes to buy Easter dresses. Janitors shut off steam. And when these things happen one may know that the city is still in the clutches of winter.
One afternoon Sarah shivered in her elegant hall bedroom; "house heated; scrupulously clean; conveniences; seen to be appreciated." She had no work to do except Schulenberg's menu cards. Sarah sat in her squeaky willow rocker, and looked out the window. The calendar on the wall kept crying to her: "Springtime is here, Sarah—springtime is here, I tell you. Look at me, Sarah, my figures show it. You've got a neat figure yourself, Sarah—a—nice springtime figure—why do you look out the window so sadly?"
Sarah's room was at the back of the house. Looking out the window she could see the windowless rear brick wall of the box factory on the next street. But the wall was clearest crystal; and Sarah was looking down a grassy lane shaded with cherry trees and elms and bordered with raspberry bushes and Cherokee roses.
Spring's real harbingers are too subtle for the eye and ear. Some must have the flowering crocus, the wood–starring dogwood, the voice of bluebird—even so gross a reminder as the farewell handshake of the retiring buckwheat and oyster before they can welcome the Lady in Green to their dull bosoms. But to old earth's choicest kin there come straight, sweet messages from his newest bride, telling them they shall be no stepchildren unless they choose to be.
On the previous summer Sarah had gone into the country and loved a farmer.
(In writing your story never hark back thus. It is bad art, and cripples interest. Let it march, march.)
Sarah stayed two weeks at Sunnybrook Farm. There she learned to love old Farmer Franklin's son Walter. Farmers have been loved and wedded and turned out to grass in less time. But young Walter Franklin was a modern agriculturist. He had a telephone in his cow house, and he could figure up exactly what effect next year's Canada wheat crop would have on potatoes planted in the dark of the moon.
It was in this shaded and raspberried lane that Walter had wooed and won her. And together they had sat and woven a crown of dandelions for her hair. He had immoderately praised the effect of the yellow blossoms against her brown tresses; and she had left the chaplet there, and walked back to the house swinging her straw sailor in her hands.
They were to marry in the spring—at the very first signs of spring, Walter said. And Sarah came back to the city to pound her typewriter.
A knock at the door dispelled Sarah's visions of that happy day. A waiter had brought the rough pencil draft of the Home Restaurant's next day fare in old Schulenberg's angular hand.
Sarah sat down to her typewriter and slipped a card between the rollers. She was a nimble worker. Generally in an hour and a half the twenty–one menu cards were written and ready.
To–day there were more changes on the bill of fare than usual. The soups were lighter; pork was eliminated from the entrées, figuring only with Russian turnips among the roasts. The gracious spirit of spring pervaded the entire menu. Lamb, that lately capered on the greening hillsides, was becoming exploited with the sauce that commemorated its gambols. The song of the oyster, though not silenced, was dimuendo con amore. The frying–pan seemed to be held, inactive, behind the beneficent bars of the broiler. The pie list swelled; the richer puddings had vanished; the sausage, with his drapery wrapped about him, barely lingered in a pleasant thanatopsis with the buckwheats and the sweet but doomed maple.
Sarah's fingers danced like midgets above a summer stream. Down through the courses she worked, giving each item its position according to its length with an accurate eye. Just above the desserts came the list of vegetables. Carrots and peas, asparagus on toast, the perennial tomatoes and corn and succotash, lima beans, cabbage—and then—
Sarah was crying over her bill of fare. Tears from the depths of some divine despair rose in her heart and gathered to her eyes. Down went her head on the little typewriter stand; and the keyboard rattled a dry accompaniment to her moist sobs.
For she had received no letter from Walter in two weeks, and the next item on the bill of fare was dandelions—dandelions with some kind of egg—but bother the egg!—dandelions, with whose golden blooms Walter had crowned her his queen of love and future bride—dandelions, the harbingers of spring, her sorrow's crown of sorrow—reminder of her happiest days.
Madam, I dare you to smile until you suffer this test: Let the Marechal Niel roses that Percy brought you on the night you gave him your heart be served as a salad with French dressing before your eyes at a Schulenberg table d'hôte. Had Juliet so seen her love tokens dishonoured the sooner would she have sought the lethean herbs of the good apothecary.
But what a witch is Spring! Into the great cold city of stone and iron a message had to be sent. There was none to convey it but the little hardy courier of the fields with his rough green coat and modest air. He is a true soldier of fortune, this dent–de–lion—this lion's tooth, as the French chefs call him. Flowered, he will assist at love–making, wreathed in my lady's nut–brown hair; young and callow and unblossomed, he goes into the boiling pot and delivers the word of his sovereign mistress.
By and by Sarah forced back her tears. The cards must be written. But, still in a faint, golden glow from her dandeleonine dream, she fingered the typewriter keys absently for a little while, with her mind and heart in the meadow lane with her young farmer. But soon she came swiftly back to the rock–bound lanes of Manhattan, and the typewriter began to rattle and jump like a strike–breaker's motor car.
At 6 o'clock the waiter brought her dinner and carried away the typewritten bill of fare. When Sarah ate she set aside, with a sigh, the dish of dandelions with its crowning ovarious accompaniment. As this dark mass had been transformed from a bright and love–indorsed flower to be an ignominious vegetable, so had her summer hopes wilted and perished. Love may, as Shakespeare said, feed on itself: but Sarah could not bring herself to eat the dandelions that had graced, as ornaments, the first spiritual banquet of her heart's true affection.
At 7:30 the couple in the next room began to quarrel: the man in the room above sought for A on his flute; the gas went a little lower; three coal wagons started to unload—the only sound of which the phonograph is jealous; cats on the back fences slowly retreated toward Mukden. By these signs Sarah knew that it was time for her to read. She got out "The Cloister and the Hearth," the best non–selling book of the month, settled her feet on her trunk, and began to wander with Gerard.
The front door bell rang. The landlady answered it. Sarah left Gerard and Denys treed by a bear and listened. Oh, yes; you would, just as she did!
And then a strong voice was heard in the hall below, and Sarah jumped for her door, leaving the book on the floor and the first round easily the bear's. You have guessed it. She reached the top of the stairs just as her farmer came up, three at a jump, and reaped and garnered her, with nothing left for the gleaners.
"Why haven't you written—oh, why?" cried Sarah.
"New York is a pretty large town," said Walter Franklin. "I came in a week ago to your old address. I found that you went away on a Thursday. That consoled some; it eliminated the possible Friday bad luck. But it didn't prevent my hunting for you with police and otherwise ever since!
"I wrote!" said Sarah, vehemently.
"Never got it!"
"Then how did you find me?"
The young farmer smiled a springtime smile.
"I dropped into that Home Restaurant next door this evening," said he. "I don't care who knows it; I like a dish of some kind of greens at this time of the year. I ran my eye down that nice typewritten bill of fare looking for something in that line. When I got below cabbage I turned my chair over and hollered for the proprietor. He told me where you lived."
"I remember," sighed Sarah, happily. "That was dandelions below cabbage."
"I'd know that cranky capital W 'way above the line that your typewriter makes anywhere in the world," said Franklin.
"Why, there's no W in dandelions," said Sarah, in surprise.
The young man drew the bill of fare from his pocket, and pointed to a line.
Sarah recognised the first card she had typewritten that afternoon. There was still the rayed splotch in the upper right–hand corner where a tear had fallen. But over the spot where one should have read the name of the meadow plant, the clinging memory of their golden blossoms had allowed her fingers to strike strange keys.
Between the red cabbage and the stuffed green peppers was the item:
"DEAREST WALTER, WITH HARD–BOILED EGG."

Hermann-Paul's 'Little Typewriters': What Did He See?

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The prints, drawings and paintings of French artist Hermann-Paul (René Georges Hermann-Paul, 1864-1940) are generally quite realistic, the more so because he produced work in the "intimiste" style, that school of impressionist painting in France whose painters portrayed everyday, usually domestic,
scenes. The seemingly derisive term was coined by Édouard Vuillard. Still, it's difficult to work out what typewriters Hermann-Paul saw when he produced "Les petites machines à écrire ("Little Typewriters"), one of his earliest known published works. The three-colour lithograph on wove paper (paper made on a wire-gauze mesh so as to have a uniform unlined surface; some sources vellum) is 22½ inches by almost 17 inches (57.3cm x 42.9cm) and the original is in the Van Gogh Museum, Amsterdam. "Little Typewriters" appeared in L'Album des peintres-graveurs ("painter-engraver"), printed by Auguste Clot and published by Ambroise Vollard in 1896. The cover is by George Auriol, the French type and graphic designer. Given the year of publication, whatever the typewriters are they're not Juniors or Bennetts, as the tiny keyboards might suggest, but perhaps something like "reconstructed" or "re-construed" Bar-Locks or even Blickensderfers?
The museum says "Little Typewriters" is Japonism, a style first described by French art critic and collector Philippe Burty in 1872, from the French Japonisme, referring to a Japanese influence on European art, especially in impressionism. But Hermann-Paul (self-portrait, left) is also known to have been influenced by Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec. Peintre-graveur distinguishes between printmakers, whether working in engraving, etching or woodcut, who designed images with the primary purpose of producing a print, and those who essentially copied in a print medium a composition by another, to produce what is known as a "reproductive print", or who produced only essentially non-artistic work in print form, such as maps.
Hermann-Paul drew on a stone with lithographic crayon. After the material was fixed to the stone, he washed the whole thing with water. The greasy image repelled the water which dampened the bare stone. Then he would apply printers ink to the stone. Since water repels grease, the ink sat only on the image area. After the stone was inked, Hermann-Paul laid paper on the stone and applied pressure with a roller. He repeated the process for multiple colors. Hermann-Paul was an artist of considerable scope. He was a well-known illustrator whose work appeared in numerous newspapers and periodicals. His fine art was displayed in gallery exhibitions alongside Vuillard, Henri Matisse and Toulouse-Lautrec. Early works were noted for their satiric characterizations of the foibles of French society. His points were made with simple caricature. Hermann-Paul worked in Ripolin enamel paint, watercolors, woodcuts, lithographs, drypoint engraving, oils and ink. 

The Typing Lady of the Lines

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Today's Google Doodle features Maria Reiche Grosse-Neumann, the "Lady of the Lines", a German mathematician, scientist, archaeologist and technical translator who revealed the significance of the mysterious Peruvian Nazca Lines.
In the Maria Reiche Museum in Provincia de Nazca, Peru, there is a wax figure of Maria at her typewriter.

Maria was born into a middle-class family in Dresden on May 15, 1903, and studied mathematics, astronomy, geography and foreign languages at the Dresden Technical University. She spoke five languages. In 1932 she worked as governess for the children of a German consul in Cusco, the ancient Inca capital in the south of PeruIt was then that she first began to explore the Andes and the high desert plains, which made a lasting impression on her. In 1934 she moved to Lima to teach German. 
The mysterious lines in the plains of the desert around Nazca, some 250 miles (400km) south of Lima, were first discovered in the late 1920s by the Peruvian archaeologist Toribio Maj'ia Xesspe. Maria's interest in them began in 1940, after Maria met Clorinda Caller Iberico at the National University of San Marcos in Lima. She typed scientific translations from German and English for the Chair of Anthropology, dictated by Dr Julio C. Tello and Clorinda.
She became an assistant to the American Paul Kosok, an historian from Long Island University in Brooklyn, New York, and the two began to map and assess the lines for their relation to astronomical events. Maria developed the theory that the lines formed a large celestial calendar, one representing the constellations of the southern hemisphere. After Kosok left in 1948, she continued the work of mapping the area. She used her background as a mathematician to analyse how the Nazca may have created such huge figures. She found these to have a mathematical precision that was highly sophisticated. Maria published her theories in the book The Mystery on the Desert (1949), which in 1993 was followed by Contributions to Geometry and Astronomy in Ancient Peru, and the following year UNESCO declared the Nazca lines part of the patrimony of humanity. Maria described the site, which covers more than 225 square miles (365sq km), as "a huge blackboard where giant hands have drawn clear and precise geometric designs". She dismissed the theories of Eric von Daniken that they must have been some kind of sign to extra-terrestrials, saying it as an insult to the engineering capacities of the ancient inhabitants of Peru. 
Maria died of ovarian cancer on June 8, 1998, in an Air Force Hospital in Lima.

It's A Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad, Mad World

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Editor Harvey Kurtzman, who claimed the image of Alfred E. Neuman for MAD magazine in 1954
Alfred E. Neuman was named by MAD's second editor, Al Feldstein, in 1956
Why did I wake up this morning thinking of Alfred E. Neuman? It took me a while to work it out, but then ...
Australia, a constitutional monarchy ruled by a 92-year-old great-grandmother of German descent, who lives in London (which is a very, very long way from Canberra), is in another one of its mindless frenzies about a wedding to which no Australian has been invited. This one will take place at a Norman castle in Berkshire, England, on Saturday. At least I'm a direct descendant of the Normans, which the couple getting married are not. But the apron strings of old Mother England are still proving too tough to cut.
The wedding is between a fellow called Harry Wales (sounds like something from John le Carré), the nephew of a lady who came to one of my own weddings (as plain Jane) and a Los Angeles divorcee called Meghan Markle, who in order to dig her mits into the mostly ill-gotten imperial gains had to be baptised into the Church of England, take out British citizenship and virtually disown her own father. If this seems strangely familiar, think very strange and Wallis Simpson, except blow-hard Bessie was from Blue Ridge Summit, Pennsylvania, and was twice divorced.
It is, as I say, a mad, mad, mad, mad, mad world.
What most of those who are getting their knickers in a twist about Saturday's wedding don't realise, however, is that Harry Wales is the son of Alfred E. Neuman. Well, to be fair, since Alfred E. Neuman doesn't actually exist, the inspiration for Alfred E. Neuman. Yes, in 1958, when Harry's alleged dad, a chap called Charlie Windsor, was nine, readers of MAD magazine and Marie Claire realised that Charlie and Alfred were identical, and wrote to MAD expressing their discovery.
 Shortly thereafter, an angry letter under a Buckingham Palace letterhead arrived at the MAD offices: "Dear Sirs, No it isn't a bit - not the least little bit like me. So jolly well stow it! See! Charles, P." The letter was authenticated as having been written on triple-cream laid royal stationery bearing an official copper-engraved crest. The postmark indicated it had been mailed from a post office within a short walking distance of Buckingham Palace.
MAD writer and artist Wally Wood covering a "royal wedding". What I think of it is below:

RIP Tom Wolfe (1930-2018)

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Thomas Kennerly Wolfe Jr was an American author and journalist widely known for his association with New Journalism, a style of news writing and journalism developed in the 1960s and 1970s that incorporated literary techniques. Wolfe began his career as a regional newspaper reporter in the 1950s, achieving national prominence in the 1960s following the publication of such best-selling books as The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test (a highly experimental account of Ken Kesey and the Merry Pranksters) and two collections of articles and essays, Radical Chic & Mau-Mauing the Flak Catchers and The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby. Wolfe was born on March 2, 1930, in Richmond, Virginia, and died in Manhattan on May 14, 2018, at the age of 88.
In 1956 Wolfe became a reporter for the Springfield Union in Springfield, Massachusetts. Three years later he was hired by The Washington Post. He won an award from The Newspaper Guild for foreign reporting in Cuba in 1961 and also won the Guild's award for humor. While there, Wolfe experimented with fiction-writing techniques in feature stories. In 1962, Wolfe left Washington DC for New York City, taking a position with the New York Herald Tribune as a general assignment reporter and feature writer. During the 1962 New York City newspaper strike, Wolfe approached Esquire magazine about an article on the hot rod and custom car culture of Southern California. He struggled with the article until his editor, Byron Dobell, suggested that Wolfe send him his notes so they could piece the story together. The evening before the deadline, he typed a letter to Dobell explaining what he wanted to say on the subject, ignoring all journalistic conventions. Dobell's response was to remove the salutation "Dear Byron" from the top of the letter and publish it intact as reportage. The result, published in 1963, was "There Goes (Varoom! Varoom!) That Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby." The article was widely discussed - loved by some, hated by others. Its notoriety helped Wolfe gain publication of his first book, The Kandy-Kolored Tangerine-Flake Streamline Baby, a collection of his writings from the Herald-Tribune, Esquire and other publications.
This was what Wolfe called New Journalism, in which some journalists and essayists experimented with a variety of literary techniques, mixing them with the traditional ideal of dispassionate, even-handed reporting. Wolfe experimented with four literary devices not normally associated with feature writing: scene-by-scene construction, extensive dialogue, multiple points of view, and detailed description of individuals' status-life symbols (the material choices people make) in writing this stylized form of journalism. He later referred to this style as literary journalism. Of the use of status symbols, Wolfe has said, "I think every living moment of a human being’s life, unless the person is starving or in immediate danger of death in some other way, is controlled by a concern for status."

AI and Typewriters (Well, EI Anyway)

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Artificial intelligence and typewriters? Well, not quite, but "electronic intelligence" was added to the IBM electric in 1956 - at least for tabulation. IBM called it "The first electronic typewriter". "[It] 'reads' business forms and does all the tabulation setting for the typist electronically," the company announced on September 14, 1956 - the same year that the field of AI research was born at a workshop at Dartmouth College.
IBM president Thomas J. Watson proudly exhibited the electronic typewriter at IBM's New York headquarters, as part of what he described as "the greatest new product day in the history of IBM and, I believe, in the history of the office equipment industry."
Watson added that the new electronic tab setter on the IBM electric typewriter will be "a tremendous time and work saver to every typist who works with prepared business forms and documents."
The company explained, "An electronic 'reading' device has been added to the IBM electric typewriter so that typists will no longer have to set tabulating stops while filling in the hundreds of different varieties of forms that are used every day in a business office. Business forms will be printed with vertical lines of electrically-conductive ink associated with each blank fill-in area for which the typist would normally set the tab. These lines, in effect, program the typewriter. No matter what variety of form the typist rolls into the machine, the tabs will be automatically set. All the typist need do is operate the tab key, and the machine, 'reading' the lines on the form, will position the carriage before the next fill-in area."
The sales manager of IBM's Electric Typewriter Division, Henry W. Reis Jr, said "this historic application of electronics to office machines opens many dramatic possibilities. This marriage of electronics to the typewriter promises to be a most fruitful one. Since IBM introduced the first electric typewriter to the business world 23 years ago, many advances have been made in all phases of typewriter engineering, but they are merely mileposts along the road to making the origination of letters and documents easier and faster. Our endowing the typewriter with an 'electronic intelligence' is just one of the many strides we will make as we continue to incorporate scientific developments into the typewriter of the future."
The cost of the machine? A very steep $520 ($4783 in today's money).
The advertisement at the top of this post appeared in TheNew Yorker on November 3, 1956. The day before, a 30-page supplement called "Open House Edition" was published in The Kingston Daily Freeman, marking IBM's arrival in Kingston, Ulster County, New York's first capital, 91 miles north of New York City. The supplement included this article:
The man largely responsible for the invention was Thurston Homer Toeppen, a University of Michigan graduate who been appointed technical assistant at the IBM electric typewriter engineering laboratory in Poughkeepsie the previous year. Toeppen was born in Chicago on October 11, 1915, and spent time in California before graduating from Michigan in 1938. He moved to New York to be assistant manager of a printing company but later became an inventor and mechanical designer. He joined IBM in 1954 and had a large number of typewriter patents to his name. Toeppen later went to work for Friden Inc in Rochester, again on typewriters. He moved to Tucson in 1997 and died at the hospice Casa de la Luz, on September 25, 2007, aged 91.
Machine testing at Kingston, 1956
 The man in charge of the IBM Selectric development
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