I'd like to hear from anyone who might be able to
identify the typewriter on which this was written.
I hate to rain on a parade, but as Australia celebrates the 50th anniversary of the groundbreaking Yirrkala Bark Petitions today, I have found that the typewriting of the petitions was NOT done by Aboriginal leader Wandjuk Djuwakan Marika, as has been widely claimed, but by the noted author and poet Annie Elizabeth Wells.
Closer inspection of the passage in the book being cited as the source of the information regarding Wandjuk's "old typewriter" and the petitions reveals it was Mrs Wells, wife of the East Arnhem Land missionary Edgar Almond Wells, who typed the final version of the petitions.
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While this truth may take some of the gloss off the romantic vision of an Aboriginal leader typing these historic documents, it nonetheless focuses more clearly on the difficulties the Aboriginal people had encountered in producing the petitions.
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Indeed, the relevant passage in Edgar Wells' book Reward and Punishment in Arnhem Land 1962-1963 [Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies, Canberra, 1982] exposes the lack of cooperation from his mission staff in helping the Aboriginals to put the petitions together.
1. White mission staff had refused to type the documents.
2. Mrs Wells stepped in and volunteered to type the final versions "as a private citizen".
3. For helping the Aboriginals complete and post the documents, Wells and his wife were within four months (late 1963) expelled from Arnhem Land by the Methodist Overseas Missions and sent packing to Bulimba in Brisbane.
While on the one hand the idea of the Aboriginals typing the petitions themselves has been played up this week, on the other the shameful reality of the way the Wellses were treated for assisting the Aboriginals in this hugely significant event has been overlooked.
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Closer inspection of the passage in the book being cited as the source of the information regarding Wandjuk's "old typewriter" and the petitions reveals it was Mrs Wells, wife of the East Arnhem Land missionary Edgar Almond Wells, who typed the final version of the petitions.
Edgar Almond Wells (1908-)
The Reverend Mr Wells, indeed, wrote that Wandjuk's typewriter "could not possibly produce a result good enough for the Prime Minister of Australia [Sir Robert Menzies] and the Minister for Territories [Sir Paul Hasluck]".While this truth may take some of the gloss off the romantic vision of an Aboriginal leader typing these historic documents, it nonetheless focuses more clearly on the difficulties the Aboriginal people had encountered in producing the petitions.
1. White mission staff had refused to type the documents.
2. Mrs Wells stepped in and volunteered to type the final versions "as a private citizen".
3. For helping the Aboriginals complete and post the documents, Wells and his wife were within four months (late 1963) expelled from Arnhem Land by the Methodist Overseas Missions and sent packing to Bulimba in Brisbane.
While on the one hand the idea of the Aboriginals typing the petitions themselves has been played up this week, on the other the shameful reality of the way the Wellses were treated for assisting the Aboriginals in this hugely significant event has been overlooked.
The relevant passage from Wells' book
Reward and Punishment in Arnhem Land 1962-1963
Edgar Almond Wells was born in Lincoln in England in July 1908. By 1930 he was a Methodist minister in Pinnacle, west of Mackay in North Queensland. He was then sent further west to Camooweal, then back to Charters Towers. After World War II, now married to Annie Elizabeth, he was in Haberfield in Sydney, but was soon sent north again, to Crows Nest on the Darling Downs. After being expelled to Brisbane, in the 1970s the Wellses moved to Margate and finally settled in Point Vernon in Hervey Bay.
Edgar's wife is best known as the prolific author and poet Ann E.Wells. She wrote 60 works, many of them about Arnhem Land. Annie was born in London in 1906 and arrived in Australia in 1910. She was educated to tertiary level in Queensland and then trained as a nurse. Annie identified closely with the Indigenous people, learning some of their dialects and studying their traditions. She wrote the poetry collection Lepers (1952), the autobiographical Milingimbi: Ten Years in the Crocodile Islands of Arnhem Land (1963), This Their Dreaming: Legends of the Panels of Aboriginal Art in the Yirrkala Church (1971), Daybreak, Stars in the Sky and The Dew-Wet Earth (all published 1973). She died in Point Vernon on Christmas Eve 1979
The Yirrkala Bark Petitions were presented to the Australian Government in August 1963, signalling a start of the 30-year struggle for the recognition of Indigenous Land Rights in this country. It was a move which led to the Mabo decision.
Given the very encouraging comments from Ryan Adney, Rob Bowker and Richard Polt to my first post about this event, I decided to return to the subject, with the results of some further research into the typewriting of the documents.
On a closer reading of this extract (Aaron had directed me to page two of the chapter, in particular) I discovered that a very widely broadcast article about Wandjuk's typewriter had misinterpreted Wells's description of what had actually happened.
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The Yirrkala Bark Petitions protested against the Australian Government's removal of 300 square kilometres of land from the Arnhem Land reserve so that bauxite found there could be mined. The 50th anniversary is being marked as part of National Aboriginal and Islander Day Observance Committee (NAIDOC) Week.
NAIDOC week co-ordinator Rosealee Pearson said what the Arnhem Land leaders achieved at a time before Indigenous Australians were even counted on the national census cannot be overstated. "It's pretty astounding that a group of people who weren't even counted as human beings decided to do that," she said. "It's because of them and the fight they fought that I exist as a person."
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The ochre-framed bark petitions were adorned with the clan designs of all that was threatened by mining - from the snakes to the sand dunes. They were first traditional documents to be recognised by the Australian Parliament.
Ms Pearson said the combination of traditional and modern forms of communication [typewriting] helped bridge a gap between the two cultures at the time.
In 1968, a referendum was held and the Australian Constitution amended to count Indigenous Australians in the national census. Less than a decade after that, the Northern Territory Aboriginal Land Rights Act was passed.
Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, in East Arnhem Land for today's celebrations, said he believes Indigenous recognition in the Constitution can be achieved under a re-elected Labor government. "My timetable is we should be in the business of bringing constitutional recognition for the first Australians as soon as possible," he said in Darwin yesterday.
The Equal Rights and Responsibilities for Aboriginal People bill was drafted in September 1971 and dealt with a situation in which Aboriginal Australians were denied democratic rights. They were excluded from the census, basic wage rulings, the pension and other benefits. The 1968 referendum gave the Federal government a clear mandate to implement policies to benefit the Aboriginal community. This typewritten document was an attachment to the cabinet decision:
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Under this law, Aborigines were given the right to practise their ancient customs. Under section two of the act, Aborigines were encouraged to maintain and take pride in their identity and were also allowed to speak in their native language.
NAIDOC week co-ordinator Rosealee Pearson said what the Arnhem Land leaders achieved at a time before Indigenous Australians were even counted on the national census cannot be overstated. "It's pretty astounding that a group of people who weren't even counted as human beings decided to do that," she said. "It's because of them and the fight they fought that I exist as a person."
Ms Pearson said the combination of traditional and modern forms of communication [typewriting] helped bridge a gap between the two cultures at the time.
In 1968, a referendum was held and the Australian Constitution amended to count Indigenous Australians in the national census. Less than a decade after that, the Northern Territory Aboriginal Land Rights Act was passed.
Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, in East Arnhem Land for today's celebrations, said he believes Indigenous recognition in the Constitution can be achieved under a re-elected Labor government. "My timetable is we should be in the business of bringing constitutional recognition for the first Australians as soon as possible," he said in Darwin yesterday.
The Equal Rights and Responsibilities for Aboriginal People bill was drafted in September 1971 and dealt with a situation in which Aboriginal Australians were denied democratic rights. They were excluded from the census, basic wage rulings, the pension and other benefits. The 1968 referendum gave the Federal government a clear mandate to implement policies to benefit the Aboriginal community. This typewritten document was an attachment to the cabinet decision:
